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Bio, Chpt 8
Cellular Metabolism
43
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2014

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Term
What is metabolism?
Definition
All chemical reactions in the cell or in the body
Term
What are metabolic pathways?
Definition
a series of chemical reactions the molecule goes through to produce a product
Term
What is a catabolic pathway?
Definition
any chemical reactino that converts complex to simple molecules releasing energy
Term
What are Anabolic Pathways?
Definition
any chemical reaction that converts simple to complex molecules that consumes energy
Term
What type of energy is chemical energy?
Definition
potential energy
Term
What is thermodynamics?
Definition
study of energy transformation
Term
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Definition
energy can be transformed from one form to another but energy cannot be destroyed nor created
Term
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics
Definition
Every energy transfer increases the entrophy of the universe
Term
What is entropy?
Definition
A measure of disorder or randomness
Term
What is a spontaneous reaction?
Definition
a reaction that occurs without an input of energy that is associated with a release of energy
Term
What is free energy?
Definition
the portion of a system ergy that can perform work when the temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Term
What is and exergonic reaction
Definition
Any reaction that produces a product but requires an inpout of energy, g is less than zero
Term
What is an endergonic reaction?
Definition
any reaction that produces a product but requires an input of energy which is nonspontaneous, g greater than zero
Term
How does atp power cellular work?
Definition
by coupling exergonic to endergonic reactions
Term
What are the 3 types of work a cell does?
Definition
chemical, mechanical, and transport
Term
What does hydrolysis of atp do?
Definition
an enzymatic reaction that releases energy and is spontaneous g is less than zero
Term
What happens when make atp?
Definition
it consumes energy and is an endergonic reaction
Term
What are enzymes?
Definition
proteins that speed up metabolic reactions by lowering barrier levels
Term
What is a catalyst?
Definition
speeds up a chemical reaction and exits reaction without being consumed
Term
What is activation energy?
Definition
energy that is used to break a reactions bonds
Term
What does a catalyst do to activation energy?
Definition
it reduces the AE
Term
What is the main characteristic of an enzyme?
Definition
they are highly specific, not any substance can enter the enzyme
Term
What is a substrate?
Definition
the substance that can interact with an enzyme
Term
What is the active site?
Definition
the specific site where substrate reacts with the enzyme
Term
What kind of bond does a substrate form with the amino acids of active site
Definition
a weak bond, ionic or hydrogen bond
Term
1st step of catalysis
Definition
substrate enters active site, changes shape so it has induced fit
Term
2nd step of catalysis
Definition
substrates are held in active sites by weak bonds
Term
3rd step in catalysis
Definition
substrates are converted into products
Term
4th step of catalysis
Definition
products are released
Term
5th step of catalysis
Definition
active site is available for more substrates
Term
How does temperature effect enzymatic activity
Definition
The higher the temp the higher the speed of reaction only up to a certain point after that it denatures
Term
What is the normal Ph lvl for most enzymes
Definition
6-8
Term
What are cofactors?
Definition
they are non-protein partners of the enzymes either attached or loosely associated with it.
Term
What are the cofactor inorganic molecules
Definition
metal ions, ca mg, zn, cu
Term
What are the organic cofactors?
Definition
they are derived from vitamins
Term
What is a coenzyme?
Definition
an organic cofactor molecule
Term
What are enzume inhibitors?
Definition
any substance that interacts with an enzume and disrupts its function. Inhibition is irreversible.
Term
What is irreversible inhibition?
Definition
reacts with enzyme without forming a covalent bond which can be reversed
Term
What is competitive inhibition?
Definition
where the inhibitor mimics substrate and competes with substrate at the active site
Term
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
Definition
where the inibitor binds somewhere else than the active site altering its shape so the substrate cannot bond to the active site
Term
What is allosteric regulation
Definition
to describe any case which a proteins function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperate state
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