Term
| 2 methyl 1,4 napthoquinone nucleus and lipophilic side chain is what vitamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Vit K and sources? |
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Definition
K1: Phylloquinone (Plants)
K2: Menaquinone- n (microorganisms)
K3: Menadione (synthetic) |
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Term
| Which form is synthetic vit K? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the most common form of K2 in animals? |
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Definition
| Menaquinone 4 (MK-4) produced in the body, by processing of synthetic MENADIONE |
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Term
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Definition
Vit K (reduced) --> co factor for γ-glutamylcarboxylase (in the ER)
- This enzyme γ-carboxylates glutamic residues in many VKD proteins.
Glutamic Acid residues (Glu) in VKD proteins converted to γ-carboxyglutamis acid residues (Gla)
Glu--> Gla
γ-carboxylation allows VKD proteins
to bind Ca
to fold properly and bind to cell membrane
ALSO
its necessary for
- coagulation and anticoagulation factors
- for osteocalcin binding to hydroxyapatite in bone |
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Term
| Menaquinone 4 (where found) |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylloquinone (where found)? |
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Definition
| Plants. MAIN dietary source |
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Term
| Menaquinone 9 (where found)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Menadione (what form, corverted to what)? |
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Definition
| Synthetic, converted to menoquinone 4 |
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Term
| What is meant by Vit K "Hook"? |
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Definition
| γ-carboxylation allows VKD proteins to bind calcium and to fold properly and bind to cell membranes |
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Term
| What is the reduced form of Vit K? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is oxidized form of Vit K? |
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Definition
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Term
| Warfarin and Vit K reductase? |
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Definition
Reductase steps are inhibited by warfarin.
Vit K cannot be converted to hydroquinone form required by γ-glutamyl carboxylase |
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Term
VKD protein?
Coagulation/anticoagulation
Calcified Tissue
Other proteins |
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Definition
~ 14 proteins
Coagulation/antigulation
- Factor II (prothrombin)
- Factors VII, IX, X
- Protein C, protein S
- γ carboxylase itself
Calcified tissue:
- Bone morphogenesis or formation
OSTEOCALCIN
- Bone matrix
Matrix Gla protein MGP
-- in bone, dentin, cartilage
-- inhibits tissue calcification
Other:
Gas 6: ligand for tyrosine kinase Axl
Protein Rich Gla protein *PRGP1, PRGP2 |
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Term
| VKD protein in Coagulation/Anticoagulation? |
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Definition
Coagulation/antigulation
- Factor II (prothrombin)
- Factors VII, IX, X
- Protein C, protein S
- γ carboxylase itself |
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Term
| VKD protein in Calcified tissue? |
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Definition
Calcified tissue:
- Bone morphogenesis or formation
OSTEOCALCIN
- Bone matrix
Matrix Gla protein MGP
-- in bone, dentin, cartilage
-- inhibits tissue calcification |
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Term
| Why is Carboxylation necessary for the action of VKD proteins? |
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Definition
| Carboxylation results in Ca++ binding and a conformational change in the protein |
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Term
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Definition
Calcium binding protein *HAS TO BE CARBOXYLATED or cannot bind to hydroxyapatite
- synthesized in osteoblast
- biomarker for bone formation
- 1,25 (OH)2D induces synthesis of osteocalcin by promoting transcription of its gene
- higher levels of Vit K required for complete γ carobxylation of osteocalcin that's needed for coagulation |
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Term
| What is a biomarker for bone formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationship with Vit K and Vit D? |
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Definition
High levels of Vit K needed to complete γ- carboxylation of osteocalcin needed for coagulation
1,25 (OH)2D directly induces synthesis of osteocalcin by promoting transcription of its gene |
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Term
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Definition
| measures extrinsic pathway of coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
International normalized ratio:
The INR is the ratio of a patient's prothrombin time to a normal (control) sample, raised to the power of the ISI value for the analytical system used.
- corrects for differences in thomboplastin sensitivities |
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Term
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Definition
Protein induced by vit K absensce factor II.
-serum [] of under γ carboxylated prothrombin |
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Term
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Definition
| Under-γ-carboxylated osteocalcin |
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Term
| Clinical applicaton of Vit K? |
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Definition
Hemorrhagic disease in newborns--> poor transfer in placenta
Fat malabsorption
Antibiotic treatment
Bone mineral desnsity and osteoporosis:
- Low vit K or high levels of ucOC--> low bone mineral density (BMD)
- Vit K supplement reduce levels of ucOC
- supplement of menaquinon only maintained BMD in post menap. Female, while supplement with menaquinon + cholecalciferol increased BMD. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| People taking Coumadin : recommendations? |
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Definition
Watch how often you eat foods high in Vit K
Watch how much you eat of foods high in Vit K
keep vit K consistent day to day.
"high" no more that 1 serving
"mod high" no more than 3 servings/d |
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Term
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Definition
Kale
Spinach
Turnip greens
Collard greens
Swiss chard
parsley RAW
mustard greens |
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Term
| Foods moderately high in Vit K? |
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Definition
spinach RAW
brussel sprouts
Green leaf lettus
broccoli RAW
Endive, romain lettuce RAW |
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