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Biochemistry- Unit Two
Chemical Composition of Diet (T Pierce)
32
Medical
Post-Graduate
02/23/2009

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Cards

Term
Requirement for producing nutrients/macromolecules
Definition
  • building blocks (monomer)
  • fuel (ATP)
Term
Source of building blocks and energy
Definition
diet
Term
Define nutrients
Definition
raw materials and fuels of the diet which are required by the body
Term
Major headings/groups of nutrients
Definition
  • carbohydrates
  • fats/lipids
  • proteins
  • vitamins
  • minerals
Term
Effect of being deficient in nutrients? excessive in nutrients
Definition
  • deficiency leads to structural and functional abnormalities
  • excessive intake leads to malfunctioning and death
Term

Chemical classification of carbohydrates

Definition
  • polyhydroxyaldehydes (aldose)
  • polyhydroxyketons (ketose)
  • derivatives of these molecules
Term

Simplest polyhydroxyaldehyde and polyhydroxyketone

Definition
  • aldehyde- glyceraldehyde
  • ketone- dihydroxyacetone
Term

Examples of pentoses (5 C sugars)

Definition

ribose

deoxyribose

Term

Examples of hexoses

Definition
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • mannose
  • glucuronic acid
  • glucosamine
  • fructose
Term
common carbohydrate derivatives
Definition
  • amino sugars (replace OH with NH2)
  • deoxy sugars (2 C has OH replace with H)
  • uronic acids (primary alcohol replaced with carboxyl group)
Term
What determines if a carbohydrate is D or L?
Definition
the position of OH on C closest to the primary alcohol
Term
Difference between D galactose and D glucose
Definition
D galactose is the 4 epimer of glucose
Term
Difference between mannose and D-glucose
Definition
mannose is the 2 epimer of D glucose
Term
Define anomeric C
Definition
carbone that belonged to the aldehyde group before forming a ring
Term
How do you form a glycosidic bond
Definition
anomeric carbon reacting with alcohol
Term

Composition of lactose

Definition

beta D galactose and alpha D glucose joined by beta 1-4 linkage

Term

Composition of sucrose

Definition
alpha D glucose and beta D fructose joined by alpha1-beta2 linkage
Term
chemical structure of reducing sugars
Definition
have free anomeric carbon to react
Term
chemical structure of starch
Definition
glucose polymer of alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Term

chemical structure of glycogen

Definition
glucose polymers of alpha1-4 and alpha1-6 bonds
Term
Chemical structure of cellulose
Definition
glucoses linked via beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Term

Advantage of branching nature of glycogen

Definition
  • allows for easy cleavage of glucose units
  • it allows to keep osmolarity low in body compartments
Term
Disadvantage of using glycogen to store energy
Definition
the OH groups attract water, so it takes up a lot of space (if I urinate glucose, I take water with it)
Term
Example of Complex carbs
Definition
  • starches (amylose, amylopectin)
  • dietary fiber
Term
Major carbohydrates in diet
Definition

simple sugars

complex carbohydrates

Term
Main simple sugars in diet
Definition
  • dissaccharides
  • lactose
  • sucrose
Term
Role of simple carbs in body
Definition
all simple carbs needed by the body can be synthesized in the body (ex: glucose)
Term
Clinical pathology of complete elimination of carbs from diet
Definition
ketoacidosis
Term
Major carbohydrates in the diet
Definition
  • lactose
  • sucrose
  • starches
    • amylose
    • amylopectin
  • fiber (products we cant digest like cellulose that come from cell walls)
Term
Amylose and amylopectin are broken down by what enzyme? into what compound?
Definition
via amylase, broken down into maltose, then into two glucose units
Term
Major monomer sugars taken into the body
Definition

glucose

galactose

fructose

Term
Minimum need of carbs needed to prevent ketoacidosis
Definition
50-100 grams of carbs per day
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