Term
| What are the three main tenets of the cell theory? |
|
Definition
| cell is the basic unit of life, all living organisms are composed of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the four things that all cells contain? |
|
Definition
| plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA |
|
|
Term
| Are ribosomes membrane bound organelles? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do prokaryotes lack compared to eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
|
|
Term
| Where does a phototroph get its energy from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does an autotroph get its carbon from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does a heterotroph get its carbon from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by covalent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a condensation reaction do? |
|
Definition
| attaches monomers by removing a molecule of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down molecules by adding water |
|
|
Term
| What is the bond that makes triacylglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What law of thermodynamics says that you canot create or destroy energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What law of thermodynamics says that you can change an energy's form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What law of thermodynamics says that the everything in the universe is moving towards disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the loss of electrons called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gain of electrons called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? |
|
Definition
| Lowering the activation energy |
|
|
Term
| An anabolic pathway does what? |
|
Definition
| building up, biosynthetic |
|
|
Term
| A catabolic pathway does what? |
|
Definition
| break things apart, degradative |
|
|
Term
| What kind of replication does DNA go through? |
|
Definition
| semi-conservative replication |
|
|
Term
| Would the replication of DNA be anabolic or catabolic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does trascription take place? |
|
Definition
| nucleus in eukaryotic cells, cytoplams in prokaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water following its concentration gradient through a semipermiable membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where does water move in a hypertonic cell? |
|
Definition
| out of the cell (more water inside the cell) |
|
|
Term
| Where does water move in a hypotonic cell? |
|
Definition
| into the cell (more water outside the cell) |
|
|
Term
| What is the average pH of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average pH of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average pH of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average stomach pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH of saliva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH of intestinal fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the amino acids containing sulfur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the positively charged amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Histadine, Argainine, Lysine |
|
|
Term
| What are the negatively charged amino acids? |
|
Definition
| aspartic acid, and glutamic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-polar amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Valine, Methionine, Leucine, Alanine, Glycine, Isoleucine, Proline |
|
|
Term
| What are the essential amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Phenolalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Alanine, Leucine, Lysine |
|
|
Term
| What proteins have primary structure? |
|
Definition
| All proteins have primary structure |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you change the structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Break down proteins (pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin) |
|
|
Term
| Where does Pepsin break peptide bonds? |
|
Definition
| Aromatic (Phe, Trp, Tyr) on the AMINO side |
|
|
Term
| Where does chymotrypsin break peptide bonds? |
|
Definition
| Aromatic (phe, try, trp) on the carboxyl side |
|
|
Term
| Where does trypsin break peptide bonds? |
|
Definition
| Lysine, Arginine, and Histadine |
|
|
Term
| What increases blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What decreases blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of carbonic anhydrase? |
|
Definition
| converts carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and the reverse reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries or transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What does Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme do? |
|
Definition
| converts pyruvate to lactate; reduction reaction |
|
|
Term
| What does ceruloplasmin do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What takes glycogen and makes glucose-1-phospate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate to acetyl CO-A; oxidation reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme transports iron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an active site of an enzyme? |
|
Definition
| a specific site where a substrate can bind with the enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What is an allosteric site? |
|
Definition
| seperate than the active site where inorganic or organic bind to make the enzyme function |
|
|
Term
| What kind of activity does an oxidoreductase have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of activity does a lyase have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of activity does a hydrolase have? |
|
Definition
| using water to break bonds |
|
|
Term
| What kind of activity does a ligase have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of activity does a transferase have? |
|
Definition
| group transfer between molecules (intermolecular arrangement) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of activity does an isomerase have? |
|
Definition
| rearrangement within a single molecule (intramolecular) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of control mechanisms that regulate enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
| pH, temperature, and inhibitors (competitive and noncompetitive) |
|
|
Term
| What is an inactive precursor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is partial proteolysis? |
|
Definition
| removing a piece of the enzymes structure, usually to activate an enzyme; irreversible |
|
|
Term
| What does a phosphatase enzyme usually do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a phosphatase enzyme do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feedback inhibition is also known as what? |
|
Definition
| allosteric control or non-competitive inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of vitamin B1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of B1? |
|
Definition
| Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is needed for reactions that convert aldehydes into ketones, or vice versa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can a deficiency in vitamin B1 cause? |
|
Definition
| build up of pyruvate, compromised energy production, Beri Beri |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of vitamin B2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin B2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency in riboflavin cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of vitamin B3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin B3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of vitamin B3 causes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of pellagra? |
|
Definition
| dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of vitamin B5? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of Pantothenic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of B6? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of B6? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of pyridoxine (B6)? |
|
Definition
| protein metabolism and transaminations |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency of B6 cause? |
|
Definition
| a build up of amino groups or ammonia |
|
|
Term
| What is biotin's active form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of biotin? |
|
Definition
| carbon carrier, pyruvate carboxylase, proprionyl CO-A carboxylase |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you have a deficiency of biotin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of B9? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of B9? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of folate (B9)? |
|
Definition
| metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| What does deficiency of vitamin B9 cause? |
|
Definition
| inhibition of DNA synthesis leads to megaloblastic anemia; neural tube defects; increased risk of cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is vitamin B12's functional name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of cobalamin (B12)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of vitamin B12? |
|
Definition
| extrinsic factor to avoid pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin contains cobalt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency of B12 cause? |
|
Definition
| increased demyelination b/c decreased fatty acid synthesis; pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of ascorbic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of vitamin C? |
|
Definition
| antioxidant; collagen production |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency of vitamin C cause? |
|
Definition
| sagging skin, facial lines; poor collagen; Scurvy |
|
|
Term
| What can lower levels of Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
| antioxidant; healthy skin, bones and teeth; needed for production of night vision pigments |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency of vitamin A cause? |
|
Definition
| poor skin quality, bone, and teeth; night blindness |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency of vitamin D cause? |
|
Definition
| poor quality bones, rickets, and osteomalacia |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional name of Vitamin E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functions of vitamin E? |
|
Definition
| antioxidant, stabilize cell membrane, prevents epoxides from forming (rancid lipids) |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency of vitamin E cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| phylloquinone or phytylmenaquinone |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| blood coagulation components |
|
|
Term
| What happens if their is a deficiency of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
|
|
