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| frequent elements in living things |
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| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. |
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| Other elements needed by living things |
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| Calcium, Sulphur, Phosphorous, Iron and Sodium |
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| has uneven distribution of charge. (polar) |
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| Hydrogen Bonds, Thermal, cohesive and solvent. |
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| water molecules sticks to other substances. |
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| water molecules sticks to itself (together). |
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| High Specific Heat Capacity |
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| it means that i can cool us. Ex: evaporating sweat takes heat away from body |
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| Does not have Carbon (oxides and carbonates don't count) |
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| Water's solvent properties |
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| substances dissolved in it can react with one another |
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| Water in a solid form (ICE) |
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| crystalline structure, organized and many space |
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| less organized, more dense, packed in and no space |
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| important element in some amino acids. allows disulphide bonds to form in proteins, influencing the protein shape |
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| in hemoglobin (to carry oxygen in blood) |
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| important for nerve impulses |
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| in ATP and in phospholipids in cell membranes and in DNA |
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| bonds between amino acids |
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| bonds between carbohydrates |
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| bonds between glycerol and fatty acids; makes triglyceride |
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| amount of energy in CARBOHYDRATES |
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| amount of energy in PROTEINS |
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| energy storage, thermal insulation, buoyancy, protection, hormones, solvent, nervous function, plasma membrane |
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| consists of a phosphate, sugar(deoxyribose) and base |
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| double ring. Adenine, Guanine |
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| single ring. Thymine, Cytosine |
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| complementary base pairing |
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Definition
| A,T and C,G are bases that complement each other. A and T (double bond), C and G (triple bond) always come together |
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| they are parallel, but run in opposite directions (this causes the double helix) |
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| Bases are read in groups of three |
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| the end nearest carbon number 5. (one side has carbon5 up and carbon 3 down) |
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| carbon3 is up and carbon5 is down |
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Definition
curling rod for DNA (8 histone molecules)
DNA curls around histones (supercoliling) |
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| each chromatid are identical to each other |
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| Highly repetitive Sequences |
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| repeat the same gene over and over again (why? perhaps for safety repetition) |
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| shorter arm of the chromosome |
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| longer arm of the chromosome |
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| the center of the chromosome |
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| sequences of 3 bases (get codon by copying a triplet of DNA) |
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| complementary to the 3bases of a codon |
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-a codon designates an amino acid
-an amino acid may have more than one codon
-there are 20 a.a, but 64possible codons
-some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating |
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| copies DNA's code and carries the genetic information to the ribosomes |
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| along with protein, makes up the ribosomes. rRNA+protein= ribosome |
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| transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized |
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during transcription, binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
-uses one strand of DNA as the template to assemble nucleotides into RNA |
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| regions on DNA that show where the RNA polymerase must bind to begin the transcription of RNA |
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| usually made of a protein but doesn't get consumed in the reaction. Actually, part of the reaction. Allows the reaction to speed up and lower the activation energy |
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one of the primary enzymes, breaks down H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) in O2 and H2O
(one catalase can process 40million per second) |
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inorganic ex) Heme
if we have an enzyme that needs a cofactor, it's just a globular protein doing nothing until cofactor bonds to the appropriate spot |
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organic ex) Thiamine= Vitamin B1
(basically same with cofactors, but built differently) |
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| the substrate and the competitive inhibitor competes to land on the active site. the competitive inhibitor blocks the active site, thus the substrate cannot bond with the active site |
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| Allosteric (non-competitive inhibitor) |
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Definition
it'll bond with a different site and that'll alter the active site, thus, substrate does not function
(+also instead of changing the active site, the inhibitor can just cover the active site) |
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| changes distorted active site to active site, thus substrate can bond (Non-fit ---> Fit) |
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| Factors affecting Enzymes |
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Definition
-Temperature (there are optimum temp/pH/concent. for enzymes)
-pH
-Concentration |
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| enzyme not functioning anymore |
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| through renaturation, you can refold a denatured enzyme |
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-First step in cell respiration
- happens in cytoplasm
-input-2ATP
-output-4ATP
-net output-2ATP |
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