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| An animal cell specialized for the storage of fats (triacylglycerols) |
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Cotransport of two solutes across a membrane in opposite direction
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A transport system that carries only one solute, as distinct from cotransport.
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| The simultaneous transport, by a single transporter, of two solutes across a membrane. |
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Cotransport of solutes across a membrane in the same direction.
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| An organic cofactor required for the action of certain enzymes; often has a vitamin component. |
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| A metal ion or an organic compound (other than an amino acid) that is covalently bound to a protein and is essential to its activity. |
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| An inorganic ion or a non-protein molecule e.g. coenzyme required for enzyme activity. |
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| A hybrid macromolecule consisting of a heteropolysaccharide joined to a polypeptide; the polysaccharide is the major component. |
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| Bulk flow of water through a semipermeable membrane into another aqueous compartment containing solute at a higher concentration. |
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| The net movement of molecules in the direction of lower concentration. |
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| A small, spherical vesicle composed of a phospholipid bilayer, forming spontaneously when phospholipids are suspended in an aqueous buffer. |
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| A protein containing a carbohydrate group. |
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| Membrane-bounded structure found in eukaryotic cells; contain enzymes and other components required for specialized cell functions. |
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| The portion of a cell's contents outside the nucleus but within the plasma membrane; includes organelles such as mitochondria. |
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Definition
| The continuous aqueous phase of the cytoplasm, with its dissolved solutes; excludes the organelles such as mitochondria. |
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Definition
| Containing both polar and nonpolar domains. |
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Definition
| Membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells; contains the enzyme systems required for the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, electron transfer, and oxidative phosphorylation. |
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| Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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Definition
| The aqueous contents of a cell or organelle (the mitochondrion, for example) with dissolved solutes. |
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Definition
A cell of nervous tissue specialized for transmission of a nerve impulse.
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Definition
| These branched structures are able to pick up impulses(messages) from many other neurons. |
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Definition
| A long projection off the cell body of a neuron down which an action potential can be propagated. |
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Definition
| A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. |
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Definition
| A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. |
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Definition
| Enzymes that catalyze the removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms from substrates. |
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Definition
| A chemical reaction that takes up heat is ______. |
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Definition
| A chemical reaction that releases heat is ______. |
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Definition
| Heat content of a system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent of randomness or disorder in a system |
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Definition
| Loss of electrons to release energy. |
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Definition
| Gain of electrons to store energy. |
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Definition
| A negatively charged carbon atom. |
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Definition
| A positively charged carbon atom; also called a carbonium ion. |
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Definition
| An electron-rich group with a strong tendency to donate electrons to an electron-deficient nucleus (electrophile); the entering reactant in a bimolecular substitution reaction. |
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Definition
| An electron-deficient group with a strong tendency to accept electrons from an electron-rich group (nucleophile). |
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Definition
| Sphingolipids containing complex oligosaccharides as head groups; especially common in nervous tissue. |
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Definition
| An atom or group of atoms possessing an unpaired electron; also called a free _____. |
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Definition
| An equimolar mixture of the D and L stereoisomers of an optically active compound. |
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Definition
| A compound that binds one or more metal ions and is capable of diffusing across a membrane, carrying the bound ion. |
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Definition
| Multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in amino acid sequence, substrate affinity, Vmax, and/or regulatory properties |
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Definition
| Occurring at constant temperature. |
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Definition
| Formation of a phosphate derivative of a biomolecule, usually by enzymatic transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP. |
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Definition
| A polymer of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds, also called polysaccharide. |
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Definition
| The biosynthesis of a carbohydrate from simpler, noncarbohydrate precursors such as oxaloacetate or pyruvate. |
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Definition
| A protein that binds a carbohydrate, commonly an oligosaccharide, with very high affinity and specificity, mediating cell-cell interactions. |
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Definition
| A lipid containing one or more phosphate groups. |
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Definition
| The catabolic pathway by which a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. |
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Definition
| A chemical reaction that consumes free energy is ______. |
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Definition
| A chemical reaction that proceeds with the release of free energy is ______. |
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Definition
| The enzymatic removal of amino groups from biomolecules such as amino acids or nucleotides. |
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