Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biochemistry Vocab
Passive/ Active
51
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 2
11/04/2014

Additional Biochemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
adipocyte
Definition
An animal cell specialized for the storage of fats (triacylglycerols)
Term
antiport
Definition

Cotransport of two solutes across a membrane in opposite direction

[image]

Term
uniport
Definition

A transport system that carries only one solute, as distinct from cotransport.

[image]

Term
cotransport
Definition
The simultaneous transport, by a single transporter, of two solutes across a membrane.
Term
symport
Definition

Cotransport of solutes across a membrane in the same direction.

[image]

Term
coenzyme
Definition
An organic cofactor required for the action of certain enzymes; often has a vitamin component.
Term
prosthetic group
Definition
A metal ion or an organic compound (other than an amino acid) that is covalently bound to a protein and is essential to its activity.
Term
cofactor
Definition
An inorganic ion or a non-protein molecule e.g. coenzyme required for enzyme activity.
Term
proteoglycan
Definition
A hybrid macromolecule consisting of a heteropolysaccharide joined to a polypeptide; the polysaccharide is the major component.
Term
osmosis
Definition
Bulk flow of water through a semipermeable membrane into another aqueous compartment containing solute at a higher concentration.
Term
diffusion
Definition
The net movement of molecules in the direction of lower concentration.
Term
liposome
Definition
A small, spherical vesicle composed of a phospholipid bilayer, forming spontaneously when phospholipids are suspended in an aqueous buffer.
Term
glycoprotein
Definition
A protein containing a carbohydrate group.
Term
organelle
Definition
Membrane-bounded structure found in eukaryotic cells; contain enzymes and other components required for specialized cell functions.
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
The portion of a cell's contents outside the nucleus but within the plasma membrane; includes organelles such as mitochondria.
Term
cytosol
Definition
The continuous aqueous phase of the cytoplasm, with its dissolved solutes; excludes the organelles such as mitochondria.
Term
amphipathic
Definition
Containing both polar and nonpolar domains.
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
Membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells; contains the enzyme systems required for the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, electron transfer, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Term
cristae
Definition
Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Term
matrix
Definition
The aqueous contents of a cell or organelle (the mitochondrion, for example) with dissolved solutes.
Term
neuron
Definition

A cell of nervous tissue specialized for transmission of a nerve impulse.

[image]

Term
dendrities
Definition
These branched structures are able to pick up impulses(messages) from many other neurons.
Term
axon
Definition
A long projection off the cell body of a neuron down which an action potential can be propagated.
Term
myelin
Definition
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
Term
action potential
Definition
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.
Term
dehydrogenases
Definition
Enzymes that catalyze the removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms from substrates.
Term
endothermic
Definition
A chemical reaction that takes up heat is ______.
Term
exothermic
Definition
A chemical reaction that releases heat is ______.
Term
enthalpy
Definition
Heat content of a system.
Term
entropy
Definition
Extent of randomness or disorder in a system
Term
oxidation
Definition
Loss of electrons to release energy.
Term
reduction
Definition
Gain of electrons to store energy.
Term
carbanion
Definition
A negatively charged carbon atom.
Term
carbocation
Definition
A positively charged carbon atom; also called a carbonium ion.
Term
nucleophile
Definition
An electron-rich group with a strong tendency to donate electrons to an electron-deficient nucleus (electrophile); the entering reactant in a bimolecular substitution reaction.
Term
electrophile
Definition
An electron-deficient group with a strong tendency to accept electrons from an electron-rich group (nucleophile).
Term
gangliosides
Definition
Sphingolipids containing complex oligosaccharides as head groups; especially common in nervous tissue.
Term
radical
Definition
An atom or group of atoms possessing an unpaired electron; also called a free _____.
Term
racemate
Definition
An equimolar mixture of the D and L stereoisomers of an optically active compound.
Term
ionophore
Definition
A compound that binds one or more metal ions and is capable of diffusing across a membrane, carrying the bound ion.
Term
isoenzyme
Definition
Multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in amino acid sequence, substrate affinity, Vmax, and/or regulatory properties
Term
isothermal
Definition
Occurring at constant temperature.
Term
phosphorylation
Definition
Formation of a phosphate derivative of a biomolecule, usually by enzymatic transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP.
Term
glycan
Definition
A polymer of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds, also called polysaccharide.
Term
gluconeogenesis
Definition
The biosynthesis of a carbohydrate from simpler, noncarbohydrate precursors such as oxaloacetate or pyruvate.
Term
lectin
Definition
A protein that binds a carbohydrate, commonly an oligosaccharide, with very high affinity and specificity, mediating cell-cell interactions.
Term
phospholipid
Definition
A lipid containing one or more phosphate groups.
Term
glycolysis
Definition
The catabolic pathway by which a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
Term
endergonic
Definition
A chemical reaction that consumes free energy is ______.
Term
exergonic
Definition
A chemical reaction that proceeds with the release of free energy is ______.
Term
deamination
Definition
The enzymatic removal of amino groups from biomolecules such as amino acids or nucleotides.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!