Term
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Definition
| increase in urine and blood concentration of cystine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Cysteniuria:
Metabolic Cause? |
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Definition
| Deficiency in the protein responsible for the transport and reabsorption of cystine and homocystine in the kidney tubules --> cystine stones. |
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Term
cystinuria :
other amino acids affected? |
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Definition
| lysine, arginine, ornithine |
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Term
Cystinuria:
lower limit of detection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase is urine and blood concentration of tyrosine |
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Term
Tyrosinosis:
Reagent used? |
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Definition
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Term
Tyrosinosis:
Metabolic causes? |
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Definition
Deficiency in:
Type 1 --> Fumeryl acetoacetate hydrolase
Type 2 --> Tyrosine Transaminase
Neonatal --> paraHPP hydroxylase |
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Term
Tyrosinosis:
Lower limit of detection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The quantitative determination of a substance in a stepwise manner until the endpoint is reached. At the end point one equivalent of the substance used in titration = one equivalent of the substance being measured. |
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Term
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Definition
It is the point at which a physical change occurs in the solution being titrated.
a) Color Change
b) (dis)appearance of ppt
c) Change in electrical properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a supplementary chemical which shows a color change due to the change in pH at the end point. |
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Term
|
Definition
pink < ph 3 < yellow
ph3 = salmon pink |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| precautions during titration |
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Definition
- no splashing
- bottom of meniscus
- no air bubbles in burrette
- clean equipment |
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Term
|
Definition
| it is alkaline urine produced after a meal due to increase in blood NaHCO3 after secretion of HCL by the stomach. |
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Term
|
Definition
| free HCL in gastric juice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Free HCL + combined HCL + organic acids |
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Term
| color change that occurs during gastric juice estimation |
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Definition
pink -> salmon pink -> yellow -> just pink
-> pink |
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Term
|
Definition
FREE ACIDITY!
volume of 0.1 N NaOH needed to neutralize free HCL in 100 ml gastric juice. |
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Term
|
Definition
TOTAL ACIDITY
the volume of 0.1 N NaOH needed to neutralize total acids in 100 ml gastric juice. |
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Term
Fractional meal test:
first decline due to? |
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Definition
- dilution using tea and saliva
- neutralization by salivary NaHCO3 |
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Term
fractional meal test:
second decline due to? |
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Definition
- evacuation into the duodenum
- neutralization by duodenal regurgitation
- decrease in HCL secretion |
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Term
| Causes of hyperchlorhydria |
|
Definition
- duodenal ulcer
- gall bladder disease |
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Term
| Causes of hypochlorhydria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Principal of ammonium titration |
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Definition
| If formaldehyde is added to a known volume of urine it reacts with the ammonium salts to release an equivalent amount of HCL which is then titrated against an alkali (NaOH) |
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Term
| Reagents used in ammonium titration |
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Definition
0.1 N NaOH
40% formaldehyde
phenolphthalein |
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Term
| color changes in ammonium titration. |
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Definition
| colorless -> just pink -> colorless -> just pink |
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Term
|
Definition
| The volume of 0.1 N NaOH needed to neutralize acids already present in urine |
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Term
|
Definition
| the volume of 0.1 N NaOH needed to neutralize total acids in urine |
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Term
|
Definition
R = R2 - R1
Conc of ammonium = R x 1.7 x 10 |
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Term
| General principal of colorimetry |
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Definition
| To measure the concentration of a substance in serum or plasma by converting it through a series of chemical reactions into a colored solution. The intensity of the color is measured using a colorimeter. |
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Term
| Formula for conc in colorimetry |
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Definition
| concentration of a substance = absorbance of substance/ absorbance of standard x conc of standard |
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Term
| Components of colorimeter |
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Definition
| Light source, condenser lens, filter, cuvette, photocell, galvanometer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selectively filters all wavelengths except the desired wavelength is transmitted. this is the wavelength of maximum absorption by the colored solution. |
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Term
| function of the photocell? |
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Definition
| measures the intensity of light transmitted through the solution after absorption and converts it to electrical energy. |
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Term
| Applications of colorimetry |
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Definition
1- measures the conc of a substance
2- measures the turbidity of a substance. |
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Term
| differences in Spectrophotometry |
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Definition
- measures wider wavelength (UV -> IR)
- measures specific wavelength |
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Term
Glucose colorimetry
Principle |
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Definition
Glucose + O2 + H2O --glucose oxidase --> gluconic acid + H2O2
H2O2 + phenol + aminoantipyrine ---peroxidase--> red quinone |
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Term
Hyperglycemia
range and causes |
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Definition
fasting > 110 mg/dL random >140 mg/dL
- DM
- glucose IV
- cerebrovascular accidents |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
hypoglycemia
nonprovoked causes |
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Definition
- fasting, exercise
- increased insulin by
.Tumor in islets of lang
.decreased glucocorticoids
- hepatic disease eg. cirrhosis, narcosis
- extrapancreatic tumor eg hepatocellular carcinoma, sarcoma |
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Term
hypoglycemia
provoked causes |
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Definition
drugs:
-insulin overdose
-sulphonylureas in elderly
-salicylate poisoning
-antihistaminics
alcohol.
glucose - reactive hypoglycemia
after meal or gastrectomy |
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Term
Total serum protein
value, principle |
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Definition
6-8 g/dL
-Cu in alkaline solution reacts with the peptide bonds in proteins to give a violet color (biuret compound) |
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Term
|
Definition
3.5 - 5.5 g/dL
Albumin binds to bromocresol green in acidic medium to give a bluegreen color. |
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Term
A/G ratio
normal, increases/ decreases? |
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Definition
2:1
decreases in:
- liver and kidney disease
- multiple myeloma
increases in AIDs |
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Term
|
Definition
| total serum proteins - serum albumin |
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Term
Hemoglobin
normal value, principal |
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Definition
12-16 female 14-18 male g/dL
-Hemoglobin is oxidised to methemoglobin using potassium ferricyanide, which is then converted to cyanomethemoglobin using potassium cyanide |
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Term
Cholesterol
normal , principal |
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Definition
normal: 150-250 g/dL
- cholesterol esters + H2O --esterase--> cholesterol + fatty acid
cholesterol + H2O ---cholesterol oxidase--> cholesten3one +H2O2
H2O2 +phenol + aminoantipyrine --peroxidase--> red quinone |
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Term
|
Definition
- cell membrane
- membrane fluidity
- precursor for vitamin D3
- synthesis of steroids
- synthesis of bile salts |
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Term
| hypercholesteremia causes |
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Definition
- DM
- nephrotic syndrome
- cholestasis
- xanthoma
- hypothyroidism |
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Term
| causes of increased protein conc. |
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Definition
-dehydration
-paraproteinemia
-chronic inflammatory conditions
-liver cirrhosis
-autoimmune disease |
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Term
| causes of low total protein conc |
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Definition
- overhydration (artefactual, drip)
- excessive loss (nephritic syndrome, burn, ulcerative colitis)
-decreased synthesis (deficient intake, liver disease)
-severe malabsorption |
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Term
|
Definition
-nephritic syndrome
-pyelomenephritis
-bens jones proteins
-severe hemolysis
-muscle damage eg. myoglobinuria |
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Term
|
Definition
1) acid base
2) oxidation reduction
3) preciptitaion |
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Term
| Blood glucose normal level |
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Definition
fasting 60-110 mg/dL
after meal 120- 170 mg/dL |
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Term
|
Definition
a)hyperglycemic glucosuria
b)normoglycemic glucosuria |
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Term
| Causes of hyperglycemic glucosuria |
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Definition
-DM
-Epinepherine glucosuria
-alimentary glucosuria
-experimental glucosuria
a)alloxan diabetes
b)diabetes wtih pancreatectomy |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of glucose in urine >30mg/dL detectable by ordinary methods (fehlings and benedicts tests and urinary strips) |
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Term
| causes of normoglycemic/renal glucosuria |
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Definition
a) congenital (benign glucosuria/ diabetes innocens)
b) aquired renal disease eg nephritis
c) experimental eg phlorizin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| methods of separation of lipoproteins |
|
Definition
| electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation |
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Term
|
Definition
a) Diabetes Mellitus
b) Hypothyroidism
c) Excessive alcohol intake
d) Glycogen storage disease |
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