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| important enzyme in cellular energy balance; a nucleoside monophosphate kinase that transfers a phosphate from one ADP to another ADP to form ATP and AMP |
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| the pathway in which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to form pyruvate in the presence of oxygen |
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| adenosine diphosphate; a nucleotide consisting of adenine, the sugar D-ribose, and two phosphate groups that is formed by the removal of one phosphate from an ATP molecule by enzymes called ATPases |
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| increase in enzyme activity by binding of an effector at an allosteric site that affects binding or turnover at the catalytic site |
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| adenosine monophosphate; a nucleotide consisting of adenine, the sugar D-ribose, and one phosphate group that can be formed during ATP synthesis from 2 ADP molecules or the hydrolysis of one phosphate bond from an ADP molecule; can also exist as a cyclic structure known as cyclic AMP (or cAMP) |
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| the pathway in which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to form pyruvate in the absence of oxygen; pyruvate is then reduced to lactate. |
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| a nonessential amino acid that can be produced from oxaloacetate by transamination; functions as a metabolite in the urea cycle and participates in gluconeogenesis; carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle |
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| type of cell in the pancreas that makes and releases insulin and play a critical role in diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2; located in areas of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans |
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| 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate - |
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| 3-carbon organic molecule that is an intermediate of glycolysis |
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| the amount of glucose present in the blood; normally increases after a meal and gradually returns to basal levels; chronically high blood glucose levels can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels |
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| lactic acid that is present in the blood as a result of anaerobic metabolism when oxygen delivery to the tissues is insufficient to support normal metabolic demands |
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| the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis is 'recycled'- it is moved to the liver where it is converted to glucose, then the glucose returns to the muscles and is converted back to lactate [1] |
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| fructose 1,6-bisphosphate |
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| fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |
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| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
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| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
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| 3-phosphoglycerate kinase |
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| phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2 |
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| substrate level phosphorylation |
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