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| 6-phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase- |
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Definition
| enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway; forms ribulose 5-phosphate from 6-phosphogluconate |
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| (CH3C=OOH) simple carboxylic weak acid, gives vinegar sour taste & smell,Ethanol metabolism. pKa = 4.76 |
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| (CH3C(O)CH2CO2H) weak acid (ketone body)fatty acid oxidation to ketone bodies. pKa = 3.77 |
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Definition
| weak acid.aspirin. antiplatelet effect, inhibits production of thromboxane. pKa = 3.5. reduces inflammation, relieves pain and soreness, decreases clotting and reduces pathologic fever. Effects are thought to be a result of ASA reducing the production of prostaglandins and thrombaxanes through complex mechanisms involving the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme which is required for the synthesis of both prostaglandin and thrombaxane. |
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Definition
| (NH3) baseproduced from amino acid catabolism or absorbed through intestinestoxic to neutral cells |
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Definition
| (NH4+) weak aciddietary nitrogen containing compounds. pKa = 9.25. |
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| The series of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller units, usually requiring input of energy (ATP) in the process. |
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| used for prophylaxis, treatment & prevention of malaria. Some antimalarial agents, particularly chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus associated arthritis. |
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| (HCO3-) base-major buffer for plasma & interstitial fluid CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+ |
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| an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products. The biosynthesis process often consists of several enzymatic steps in which the product of one step is used as substrate in the following step. |
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| expelled by the lungs to keep pH of blood in range CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+. Enzyme is carbonic anhydrase. |
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Definition
| weak acidfrom CO2 from TCA cycle. pKa = 3.80. (major acid produced by body/own buffer) |
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| weak acidfrom TCA cycle & diet (i.e. citrus fruits). Multiple pKa = 3.13 and 4.76 and 6.40 |
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Definition
| dissociated anionic component of weak acid (A-) ends in -ate |
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| the liquid found inside cells. In eukaryotes, this liquid is separated by cell membranes from the contents of the organelles suspended in the cytosol. |
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| expresses relationship between H+ or OH- & water at equilibrium. The constant for pure water is Kw=1x10-14 = [OH-][ H+]/[H2O] |
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| the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism. In conventional medicine, detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion, antidotes or dialysis. |
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| a species of bean (Fabaceae) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. Contains oxidant purine glycosides that contribute to hydrogen peroxide formation. |
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Definition
| a fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbon. The ?-D-form of this compound is very common in cells, and the vast majority of glucose and fructose entering a cell will become converted to this at some point. |
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| Hormone, secreted by the pancreas alpha cells. Raises blood glucose levels. Effect is opposite of insulin which lowers BG levels. Pancreas releases glucagon when BG levels fall too low. Causes Liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose |
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Definition
| catalized from glucose by hexokinasewill proceed to glycolysis or glycogen synthesis. |
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Term
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - |
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Definition
| cytosolic enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). |
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| the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage. The biochemical function of glutathione peroxidase is to reduce lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and to reduce free hydrogen peroxide to water. |
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Definition
| an enzyme that reduces glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the sulfhydryl form GSH, which is an important cellular antioxidant. |
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Definition
| antioxidant, helps protect cells from reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides. Its a tripeptid and contains a peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain. |
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Term
| Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate- |
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Definition
| an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
| is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released in this process is used to form ATP and NADH. Present in all cell types. |
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| hydrogen peroxide, which is a product made naturally by humans during oxidative metabolism, it is a potent free radical |
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| main buffer of pH in blood cells and transports O2. Affintity for H+ and O2 |
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| HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH EQUATION - |
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Definition
| disassociation constant formula for weak acids. pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA] |
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Definition
| weak, noncovalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur or fluorine |
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Term
| Hexose Monophosphate Shunt- |
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Definition
| another name for the pentose phosphate pathway |
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| produced in pancreas beta cells. hormone that keeps blood pH & glucose use in check after a meal |
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Definition
| Kw= [OH-][ H+] = 1 x 10-14 |
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Definition
| a one way reaction, usually a reaction with a very negative delta G |
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Definition
| when ketone bodies build in blood = pH level low (more acid), PaCO2 level low (from blowing off C02), serum glucose level high |
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| result of converting fatty acids for energy in liver to beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid due lack of insulin in blood |
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| breathing fast & deep (tachypnea and hyperpnea) to remove CO2 from the body and drop pH by lowering carbonic acid in body. This respiratory pattern is associated with diabetic acidosis. A deep, gasping, repetitive respiratory pattern (hyperventilation) associated with profound acidosis. A compensatory defense of severe acidosis such as diabetic ketoacidosis. |
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Definition
| equilibrium constant for dissociation of a weak acid; higher Ka=greater chance of dissociation of proton (stronger acids typically have a higher Ka than weak acids) |
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| weak acid fromAnaerobic glycolysis. pKa = 3.73 |
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| acids produced by the body through metabolism that generate CO2; all acids produced in normal body metabolism but NOT including CO2 - metabolic acids are not respirable, must be neutralized, metabolized or secreted |
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| ammonia is the major buffering metabolic base to accept protons in blood and kidneys |
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| produced by the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, it is an antioxidant which reduces free radicals to keep them from harming cells |
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| a pathway in the pentose phosphate pathway where 5-carbon sugars are synthesized; alternative to glycolysis (reversible) |
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| a pathway in the pentose phosphate pathway where NAD+ is reduced to NADPH using the energy from the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into ribulose 5-phosphate (nonreversible) |
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| NADPH is used for detoxification in reducing oxidized glutathione |
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| weak acid.dietary organic phosphates.pKa = 6.8. excreted through urine |
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Term
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway- |
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Definition
| (hexose monophosphate shunt) Makes NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and Ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. A process that generates NADPH and pentoses. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. |
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Definition
| (H2O2) product when there is deficient enzyme glucose 6-P dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| medication used in the treatment of malaria and pneumocystis pneumonia |
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Definition
| enzyme inhibition where the product of an enzyme reaction binds to the enzyme and inhibits its activity |
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| caused by hyperventilation resulting in low PaCO2 (<35 mmHg)& high pH levels (>7.45)(more basic) Treatment = breath into bag. Hyperventilation is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis because during hyperventilation, excessive amounts of CO2 are lost during expiration. During respiratory alkalosis, the patient's blood pH will be greater than 7.4, and the urine will also be alkaline since the kidneys will release HCO3- into the urine, and conserve H+ in the blood. |
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Term
| RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION - |
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Definition
| mechanisms triggered by hypothalamus to restore homeostasis to body |
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Term
| Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)- |
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Definition
| chemically reactive molecules that contain oxygen; examples include oxygen ions and peroxides |
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Definition
| product of the glutathione reductase reaction |
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Definition
| NADPH is used for reductive synthesis: fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid chain elongation, cholesterol synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, superoxide synthesis |
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Definition
| a reaction that can go both ways, many endergonic reactions will be able to go both ways with positive delta G. |
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| product in both oxidative and non-oxidative pathways of the pentose phosphate pathway |
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Definition
| acids that completely dissociate in solution. Usually not good buffers. |
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Definition
| strong acid.Dietary sulfate & sulfur containing amino acids.pKa = complete dissociation |
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Definition
| synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group; in bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. |
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Definition
| (thiol group) sulfur analogue of an alcohol; GSH is a product when there is deficient enzyme glucose 6-P dehydrogenase and of the glutathione reductase reaction |
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Definition
| an anion with the chemical formula O2?. With one unpaired electron, the superoxide ion is a free radical |
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Definition
| absorbic acid; a water soluble vitamin |
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Definition
| alpha-tocopherol; a fat soluble vitamin that is an important antioxidant and protects against free radicals in the body |
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Definition
| acids that dissociate only to a limited extent in solution |
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Term
| beta-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID - |
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Definition
| weak acid (ketone body) comes from fatty acid oxidation to ketone bodies. pKa = 4.41. |
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Definition
| must maintain for structure of proteinaltered structure=protein function change, enzyme rate and solubility. pH = -log [H+]. "Potential of Hydrogen" |
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| the negative log of Ka. SMALLER pKa means stronger dissociation. |
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