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Definition
| “water loving”; attracted to water, polar |
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Definition
- "water fearing”; cannot dissolve in water, nonpolar
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Definition
| The modification of the shape of an active site in an enzyme after the substrate is bound |
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Definition
- Initial response of body to harmful stimuli, a protective attempt for body to remove the harmful stimuli and initiate healing
- Increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from blood to site of injury
- Movement of immunoglobins due to vasodilation
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Definition
something that blocks, restrains or suppresses; enzyme inhibitors → competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibition
- Competitive: substrate and inhibitor compete for enzyme active site
- Uncompetitive: inhibitor binds to enzyme-substrate complex; causes decrease in Vmax and Km
- Noncompetitive: binding of inhibitor reduces enzyme activity but does not affect enzyme binding to substrate; Vmax decreases but Km remains same
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Definition
a polypeptide hormone, secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, that stimulates fuel storage and protein synthesis |
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Definition
an atom or molecule in which its number of electrons is more than its number protons giving it a negative electrical charge |
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Definition
- Alpha amino acid that is hydrophobic
- An essential amino acid, must be obtained through diet
- Glucogenic (forms glucose) and ketogenic (forms ketones)
- Can be converted to Succinyl CoA --> in to Kreb cycle--> Oxaloacetate (glucose) or Acetyl CoA--> Kreb Cycle-->carbohydrate used in synthesis of ketones
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Definition
Prefix indicating the possesion of carbonyl group (C=O) |
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Definition
an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of a phosphoryl group to a substrate by using ATP as a phosphoryl donor |
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Definition
- Branched alpha amino acid
- Hydrophoic
- An essential amino acid, must be obtained through diet
- Used in liver, adipose tissues and muscle tissues
- Stimulates muscle protein synthesis
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Definition
an allosteric regulator of oxygen binding by hemoglobin |
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Definition
- A type of epimer (diasteriomer that differs in configuration at one steriogenic center)
- One of two sterioisomers of cyclic saccharides that differ in configuration at the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon (anomeric carbon)
- Anomeric carbon: carbon that is bonded to oxygen atoms in ring structure; if hydroxyl group (OH) is pointing down= alpha, if pointing up= beta
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Definition
- Alpha amino acid that exists commonly in L-form
- Preterm babies cannot synthesize but known as nonessential amino acid
- Structure allows it to form H-bonds, therefore it is located on the outside of protein
- Functions: cell division, the healing of wounds, removing ammonia from the body, immune function, and the release of hormones
- Found in dental products
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Term
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Definition
Hydrocarbon with alternating single and double bonds (one or multiple benzene rings); has a distinct sweet scent |
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Definition
- Carboxylic anion, ester, or ester of aspartic acid
- A key component of chymotrypsin’s active site (forms the catalytic triad along with serine and histidine
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Term
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Definition
- Smallest unit of an element which that still has properties of that element
- Cannot be broken by any chemical means
- A typical atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons circling this nucleus
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Definition
- Third most common element in living organisms (after hydrogen and oxygen)
- Essential in forming large molecules in living systems
- Can form 4 covalent bonds
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Definition
- Atomic number 9
- Second highest electron affinity (after chlorine)
- Commonly used to prevent tooth decay but also used in drugs (C-F hydrophobic bonds) to prevent its metabolism and prolong half life
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Term
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Definition
- Most common element
- Found in water and most organic molecules
- Important role in acid-base chemistry
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Definition
- Atomic number 7
- Found in all living organisms
- Essential element in amino acids (proteins), DNA/ RNA, and neurotransmitters
- Defining component of alkaloids (biological molecule)
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Definition
- Highly reactive nonmetallic element
- Produced during photosynthesis and is essential for respiration
- All major classes of structural biological molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins contain oxygen
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Definition
- Atomic number 15
- Mostly occurs in inorganic form phosphate (PO4-3)
- Found in DNA, RNA, ATP and phospholipid membrane
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 16
- Serves as fuels and respiratory material (replaces oxygen)
- Found in proteins biotin, thiamine, and enzymes--> essentially component of all proteins (found in amino acids cysteine and methionine)
- Participates in dissulfide bonds responsible for strength and insolubility of keratin
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Term
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Definition
- Adenosine triphosphate
- Responsible for transporting cellular energy
- Produced by photophosphorylation through inorganic phosphate, and ADP or AMP
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Term
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Definition
Formation of bonds due to opposite charges (i.e. different types of attractions, ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der waals) |
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Definition
Substance that accepts H+ (protons); (i.e. NaOH, NH3) |
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Term
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Definition
substance with basic properties, yielding a pH higher than 7 in solution; dissociation constant Kb, measures basicity |
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Definition
second greek letter; denoting secondary position in a substance when naming |
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Definition
- HCO3-
- An intermediate in deprotanation of carbonic acid
- Basic
- Plays a critical role in human buffering systems
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Term
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Definition
- Double layer of closing packed molecules/ atoms
- Results from differences in molecule hydrophillicity and hydrophobicity
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Term
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Definition
- Vitamin B7
- A water soluble beta-complex vitamin
- Mostly obtained through diet (egg yolks, peanuts, vitamin supplements)
- Important for fatty acid synthesis, amino acid catabolism, glucogenesis
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Term
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Definition
- Body fluid specialized in transport of nutrients and oxygen to cells and wastes away from cells
- Made up of WBC, RBC, platelets and plasma
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Term
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Definition
- AKA peptide bond
- Covalent bond in which carboxyl group of one molecule interacts with amino group of another resulting in formation of water
- Usually occurs between amino acids
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Term
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Definition
- Sharing of electrons between atoms
- Can be either polar covalent (significant electronegativity difference) or nonpolar covalent (similary electronegativity)
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Term
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Definition
- Covalent bond between two thiol (R-SH)
- Strong bonds, that play a role in protein folding and stability
- In protein, formed between thiol groups of cysteine residues
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Term
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Definition
Bond involving 4 electrons; common in carbons (alkenes), carbonyl (C=O) |
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Term
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Definition
- Covalent bond between hydrogen and electronegative atom (N, O, F)
- Found in water DNA (bond between complementary base pairs) and proteins (secondary structure between oxygen and amide hydrogens in backbone)
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Term
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Definition
- Not a bond but a tendency of hydrophobic, nonpolar substances to aggregate in aqueous solution and exclude water molecules
- Important in protein folding, formation of lipid bilayer and miscelles
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Term
| Ionic (salt, electrostatic) Bond |
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Definition
- Bond formed between two ions of opposing charges
- A cation ion (metal) and anion (non metal)
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Term
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Definition
ligand (an ion or molecule) that binds to a central metal atom forming a coordination complex |
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Term
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Definition
bond in which 2 electrons are shared |
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Term
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Definition
Three types of strained bonds: angle, steric and torsional; due to a distortion in bond lengths and bond angles from their ideal positions
- angle: distortion of bond angles
- steric: repulsion of electrons that are too close
- torsional: form of steric strain; elipse and gauche formations
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Term
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Definition
- Hydrophobic and lipophillic molecules
- Responsible for formation of membranes, energy storage, and signalling
- Includes fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides, ect.
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Term
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Definition
- Organ that functions to:
- Decompose RBC
- Synthesize plasma proteins
- Produce hormones
- Store glycogen
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Term
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Definition
- Essential alpha amino acid
- Can be obtained through chicken, beef, soybeans
- A base
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Term
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Definition
Organelles that contains enzymes to breakdown cellular wastes and debris |
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Term
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Definition
Double nuclear membrane surrounding nucleus and separating nucleoplasm from cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
- Membrane that separates interior or cells from external environment
- Selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules controlling movement into and out of cell
- Made up of lipid bilayer
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Term
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Definition
- Site of many biochemical reactions
- Proteins packaged into vesicles buds off of the ER Membrane and are delivered to Golgi body
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Term
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Definition
- Chemical element that is a good conductor of electricity, forms cations, and ionic bonds with nonmetals
- Metal atoms readily loses electrons
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 27
- Key part of vitamin B12
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Term
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Definition
- Molecule with a valence of 2 and thus can form 2 covalent bonds
- A divalent metal is missing 2 electrons and therefore has a +2 charge
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 26;
- Transition metal found in proteins in body (i.e. hemoglobin)
- Necessary trace element
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 80
- No biological role but has toxic effect
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 19
- K cations movement into the cell important for neuron signal transmission
- Causes polarization (i.e. prevents muscle contraction)
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 12
- Many enzymes require magnesium for their catalytic activity
- Due to its interactions with phosphate ions → essential to nucleic acids
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 25
- Functions as a cofactor for many enzymes
- Essential for detoxification of superoxide free radical
- Essential trace nutrient
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 42
- Found in active sites of enzymes as a metal hetero atom
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 11
- Soluble in water
- Essential element
- Used to build up electrostatic charge on cell membranes to initiate action potential
- Helps to regulate blood pressure and blood volume
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 82
- Lead poisoning causes damage to nervous system (brain) → neurotoxin
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Term
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Definition
- Atomic number 30
- An essential mineral
- Deficiency can cause retardation, delays in sexual growth, infection susceptibility
- Found in reactive sites of enzymes (i.e. alcohol dehydrogenase)
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Term
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Definition
- Alpha amino acid
- Nonpolar
- An essential amino acid, used to form homocysteine → can either be converted back to methionine or cysteine
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Term
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Definition
Alkyl group (CH3); makes amino acids hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
Made up of a group of surfactant molecules with hydrophobic tails and hydrophillic heads that aggregate to form a spherical structure (oil in water) |
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Term
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Definition
- Membrane bound organelle that produces most of a cell’s ATP
- Made up of outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix
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Term
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Definition
- A contractile tissue that is classified as skeletal, smooth or cardiac
- Made up of myofibrils (sacromeres mad up of actin and myosin) which produces force and motion stimulated by action potentials
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Term
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Definition
- a change in a genomic sequence (i.e. DNA sequence)
- can be caused be things like radiation, viruses, mutagenic chemicals, and even an error that occurred during meiosis or DNA replication
- can have no effect on an organism, a positive effect, or a negative effect
- it may alter the product of the gene or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely
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Term
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Definition
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- a coenzyme involved in redox reactions during metabolism
- made up of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups, with one nucleotide base containing an adenine base and the other containing nicotinamide
- also involved in other cell processes, such as being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins
- can be synthesized from amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid
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Term
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Definition
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen
- formed when NAD+ is oxidized
- can be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons
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Term
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Definition
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- a coenzyme used in anabolic reactions such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis; reduces to form NADPH
- similar structure to NAD but has a phosphate group attached to the 2’ position of the ribose ring with the adenine functional group
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Term
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Definition
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate plus hydrogen
- reduced form of NAD+
- a reducing agent required for anabolic reactions such as lipid and nucleic synthesis
- mostly generated through the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway
- NADPH system is responsible for generating free radicals in immune cells
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Term
| Nucleophile/Nucleophillic |
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Definition
- a species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond
- a Lewis base
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Term
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Definition
- an enzyme that cleaves the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids
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Term
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Definition
- a macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers that stores and transfers information in cells
- DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
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Term
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Definition
- an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction reaction involving molecular oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor → oxygen is reduced to either water (H2O) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
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Term
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Definition
a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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Term
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Definition
a chemical bond that involves six bonding electrons; most common triple bond occurs between two carbon atoms in an alkyne |
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Term
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Definition
- bond formed from the attraction between two molecules based on transient electron asymmetry around an atom that induces a complementary asymmetry in a nearby molecule
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Term
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Definition
- a covalent bond between an aldehyde or ketone function of a monosaccharide and an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom of another molecule
- The most common glycosidic linkages are O-links between the anomeric carbon atom of a sugar and a hydroxyl group of another saccharide
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Term
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Definition
- CO2
- part of photosynthesis
- a byproduct of aerobic respiration and combustion
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Term
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Definition
the set of metabolic reactions that transform fuels into cellular energy |
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Term
| Catalyst/ Catalytic/ Catalysis |
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Definition
- catalysis is the change in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of a substance called a catalyst
- a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself
- catalytic reactions have a lower free energy of activation than the corresponding uncatalyzed reaction → catalytic reaction has a higher reaction rate at the same temperature compared to the corresponding uncatalyzed reaction
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Term
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Definition
a cell normally found in the blood; three types → red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
- RBCs primarily carry oxygen and CO2 through the use of hemoglobin, do not have a nucleus once they mature, and make up a majority of the blood cells in the body; the red color of RBCs is due to the heme group in hemoglobin;
- WBCs are cells in the immune system that defend the body against infectious diseases and foreign materials, there are 5 types and all are produced in the bone marrow
- platelets are small, irregularly-shaped cell fragments; they are a natural source of growth factors; they are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots
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Term
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Definition
- hepatocyte
- involved in protein synthesis, protein storage, transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts, and phospholipids, detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances, lipid metabolism, and initiating the formation and secretion of bile
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Term
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Definition
- erythrocytes
- primarily carry oxygen and CO2 through the use of hemoglobin, do not have a nucleus once they mature, and make up a majority of the blood cells in the body
- the red color of RBCs is due to the heme group in hemoglobin
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Term
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Definition
- a protein passage that is continuous and that allows ions to flow rapidly through a membrane from a compartment of higher to a compartment of lower concentration
- Channels are generally composed of four to six subunits, or domains, and are gated by membrane potential, allosteric effectors, or covalent modification
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Term
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Definition
- a cyclic series of metabolic reactions that completely oxidize acetyl units to carbon dioxide
- Also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (after citrate) or the Krebs cycle, after Hans Krebs, who elucidated the cyclic nature of the pathway
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Term
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Definition
- wavelength between 440 - 490nm
- a primary color; emission spectrum of Cu2+
- color of eyes that is considered to be a genetically recessive trait
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Term
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Definition
- one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA
- is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2)
- pairs with guanine
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Term
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Definition
- DHO
- an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by a reduction reaction which transfers one or more hydrides to an electron acceptor, usually NAD+/NADP+ or a flavin coenzyme like FAD or FMN
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Term
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Definition
- a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose their tertiary and secondary structures because of an external stress or compounds
- “stressors” can be strong acids or bases, inorganic salts, organic solvents, etc.
- the most well-known being heat
- an example would be the proteins in an egg when it’s cooked
- denaturation disrupts cell activity and may lead to cell death; denatured proteins can aggregate
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Term
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Definition
- a five-carbon monosaccharide (C5H9O5) that constitutes the carbohydrate moiety of a deoxynucleotide
- the deoxyribose commonly found in deoxynucleotides is 2-deoxyribose
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Term
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Definition
- DAG
- a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages
- acts as a second messenger in the activation of PKC
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Term
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Definition
- the process of breaking large molecules in food down into smaller units
- Proteins are hydrolyzed to the 20 different amino acids, polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to simple sugars such as glucose, and fats are hydrolyzed to fatty acids
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Term
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Definition
- the structural unit composed of a pair of linked sulfur atoms
- the covalent bond between the two thiol groups is called a disulfide bond, an S-S bond, or a disulfide bridge
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
- an enzyme which catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate + hydrogen) to an acceptor
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Term
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Definition
an enzyme which removes a phosphate group from its substrate by hydrolysing phosphoric acid monoesters into a phosphate ion and a molecule with a free hydroxyl group |
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Term
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Definition
- an essential amino acid
- a hydrophobic amino acid that is similar to alanine but contains a phenyl ring in place of one of the methyl hydrogens on alanine
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Term
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Definition
the negative log of the acid dissociation constant; pKa = - Log K(a) |
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Term
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Definition
the negative log of the acid dissociation constant; pKa = - Log K(a) |
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Term
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Definition
more acidic; larger extent of dissociation |
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Definition
RNA polymerase is an enzyme which catalyzes the process of transcription, in which one form of nucleic acid (DNA) is transcribed into another form (RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
- one of the non-essentialamino acids
- a hydrophobic amino acid that has an alipathic side chain bonded to both the alpha carbon and the nitrogen atom
- greatly influences the shape of a protein because the ring makes it more conformationally restricted
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Term
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Definition
- a biological macromolecule composed of a linear array of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
- roles of proteins in biological processes include catalysis, transport and storage, motion, mechanical support, immune protection, the generation and transmission of nerve impulses, and the control of growth and differentiation
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Term
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Definition
a subatomic particle with a positive charge; has an amu of 1 |
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Term
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Definition
a nitrogenous base that includes a pyrimidine ring |
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Term
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Definition
- a single-celled organism lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound compartments
- the genome is not enclosed by a membrane inside the cell; instead it may have a nucleoid
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- leukocyte
- WBCs are cells in the immune system that defend the body against infectious diseases and foreign materials, there are 5 types and all are produced in the bone marrow
- types include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
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Definition
- a characteristic where something is not identical to its mirror image
- a chiral carbon atom is attached to 4 different groups
- a popular example of chirality is a pair of hands
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