Term
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Definition
DNA and histones, gene expression occurs
Negative Charge
Positive Charge..electrostatic bond |
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Definition
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Definition
relieves supercoiling by breaking DNA
phosphodiester bonds |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| short RNA nucleotide, helps start synthesizing of daughter strands |
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Definition
| synthesize daughter strands, |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-5 produces okazaki fragments |
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Definition
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Term
DNA Repair
DNA glycosylase |
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Definition
| recognizes and removes damaged base |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
in nucleus
DNA - RNA
RNA polymeraseII
capping at 5'
introns removed
poly AAA at 3' |
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Term
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Definition
in cytosol on ribosomes
mRNA-protein
tRNA brings AA to mRNA template |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| 40s+60s+tRNA (bonds to P site) |
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Term
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Definition
| build peptide bond, AA in A site |
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Definition
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Definition
Modification of DNA
transcription-mRNA production
translation-protein
post translational-chameronins, proteasomes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mostly detrimental
during transcription-non hereditary
during replication-passed on! |
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Term
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Definition
RNA-DNA
not efficient, many mutations
EX. HIV (retrovirus) attacks CD4
RNA w/ virus replicates into DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| produces complementary DNA strand |
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Term
| DNA polymerase (Reverse Transcription) |
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Definition
| makes double stranded DNA then transfers into nucleus of lymphocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| signals RNA polymerase to stop synthesizing mRNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that winds the original DNA into a dbl helix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| codes for single aa, gene sequences in DNA and mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| start codon, express Met residue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| order of codons that will be read to form protein |
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Term
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Definition
Activation-ribosome binds to mRNA
Initiation-ribosome matches tRNA anticodon w/ mRNA codon
Elongation-each tRNA AA gets added to the elongating polypeptide chain
Termination-ribosome continues until stop codon |
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Term
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Definition
| region of 3 nucleotides that contains complementary bases to the ones on mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| tRNA covalently linked to it's AA |
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Term
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Definition
carry ribosomes @ precise moment specified by genetic code on mRNA
by covalent attachment
clover leaf structure |
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Term
| Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
activate AA to attach to tRNA
DURING ACTIVATION STEP |
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Term
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Definition
| tRNA base pairs with next codon on mRNA at the A site |
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Term
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Definition
moving of ribosomes downstream
peptide chain increases one AA at a time |
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Term
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Definition
after stop codon is read, no more AA
chain is cleaved by releasing factors
folds and is functional protein |
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Term
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Definition
enhance RNA polymerase
encourages gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
bind to noncoding sequence of DNA strand
stops RNA polymerase, stops transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| on all the time, housekeeping |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed only during certain times |
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Term
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Definition
process of turning on and off genes
gene expression- on
gene repression- off |
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Term
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Definition
removal of N-term Met
chaperones assist in folding
proteasomes degrade misfolded proteins |
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Term
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Definition
substitution of a base
insertion of a base
deletion of a base
-cause by chem/phys agents |
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Term
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Definition
puts DNA into host cell during reverse transcription
lots of mutations
aids in antibiotic resistance |
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Term
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Definition
hereditary unit
sequence of DNA |
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Definition
| recognize damages base then signal repair |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrolyze glycosidic bond of wrong base |
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Term
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Definition
stretches of noncoding sequences
no message |
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Term
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Definition
conatins intitation signal
controls transcription |
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Term
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Definition
structures in nucleus
contain very long DNA chains
consist of chromatin
DNA,histones,proteins, and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA with special enzymatic functions |
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Term
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Definition
stretches of coding sequence
message |
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Term
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Definition
carries info from DNA to ribosome sites
nucleus to cytoplasm |
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Term
| Structural Region of Genes |
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Definition
carries encoded message
interupted by noncoding sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose from pyruvate(or other intermediate) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fructose & Glucose, A 1,2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Galactose & Glucose, B 1,4 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alcohols and ketones on same molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 membered cyclic hemiacetal |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 membered cyclic hemiacetal |
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Term
D-Monosaccharide
L-Monosaccharide |
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Definition
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Term
| Isocitrate - Oxalosuccinate |
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Definition
isocitrate dehydrogenase
NADH produced |
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Term
| Oxalosuccinate-ketogluterate |
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Definition
isocitrate dehydrogenase
Co2 produced |
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Term
| ketogluterate-succinyl CoA |
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Definition
ketogluterate dehydrogenase
Co2, NADH produced |
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Term
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Definition
succinate dehydrogenase
FADH2 produced |
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Term
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Definition
ketogluterate dehydrogenase
CoA, GTP produced |
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Definition
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Definition
malate dehydrogenase
NADH produced |
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Term
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Definition
alditol-glucose-glucitol
aldonic acid-glucose-gluconic acid
uronic acid-glucose-glucuronic acid |
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Term
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Definition
energy storage for plants
amylose-linear
amylopectin-branched, A 1,6 |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
NAD,FAD-Oxidized
NADH,FADH2-Reduced |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| structural lipid- Phospate attached |
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Definition
| FA + Sphingosine, by amide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 cyclohexane, 1 cyclopentane |
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Term
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Definition
| energy storage in animals as FA derivatives in adipose tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phospholipids, sphingolipids |
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Term
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Definition
glucose from blood
diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| FA catabolism(B oxidation) |
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Definition
Goal- to produce Acetyl CoA
Glycerol + FA = lipid
glycerol-glycolysis
FA-B oxidation
CoA turns into carnitine to cross membrane, then turns back into CoA |
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Term
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Definition
Cycles(5 ATP) = n/2-1
Acetyl CoA(12 ATP) = n/2
minus 2 ATP from total, due to activation |
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Term
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Definition
| no OAA, TCA cycle slows down, Acetyl CoA builds up |
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Term
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Definition
urea and energy produced
transamination 1st step |
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Term
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Definition
| not enough dopamine in synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| too much dopamine in synapse |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| more mobile, in same cell |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers travel across synapse to inhibit target cell |
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Definition
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Definition
| basic unit of nerve tissue |
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Term
| Acetylcholine transferase |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| inhibitory, major in the brain |
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Definition
nonspecific
external-skin
internal-NK,macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
Cellular-MHC-APC-lymphocytes-Tcell-Cd4-Cd8
Humoral-MHC-APC-lymphocytes-Bcell-plasma-memory-antibodies |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| catabolism of lipids, proteins, carbs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| indole ring for side chain |
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Term
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Definition
kinase- add phosphate
transaminase- add NH3 |
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Term
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Definition
cut w/ water across dbl bond
lipases,proteases,nucleases,amylases |
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Term
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Definition
non-water removal/additon
dehydrase-remove water
decarboxylase-remove C02 |
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Term
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Definition
joins molecules w/ ATP
synthetases,carboxylase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of proteins occur here |
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Term
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Definition
| has one more chiral center than open chain form |
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