Term
What is the function of Folic Acid and what deficiency occurs with it? |
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Definition
Folic Acid functions in carrying 1Carbon groups in deamination reactions
Deficiency: Megablastic anemia, rare.
Supplements pre-pregnancy help prevent spinabifida |
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Term
What is Vitamin B6?
What are the functions of Vitamin B6?
What are the deficiency causes? |
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Definition
- B6 is called Pyridoxine, pyridoxal
- Functions in amino acid metabolism by binding amino acids in reactions that modify acids
- Deficiency leads to confusion, depression, convulsions
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Term
What is S-adenosylmethionine (SAM, SAMe)?
What does it do? |
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Definition
SAMe carries methyl groups and is involved in the synthesis of epinephrine, methylated AAs, and is an intermediate in the conversion of cystein and methionine
Amino acid degradation |
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Term
| What are the essential Amino Acids? |
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Definition
- Arginine, Histidine (essential in infants and children), Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
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Term
| What are the nonessential Amino Acids? |
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Definition
| Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine |
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Term
| What are transamination reactions? |
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Definition
Reactions that involve the amino group transfering to an alpha keto acid.
Ex: Alpha-ketoglutarate + Amino Acids ----> Glutamate + keto acid |
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Term
| What are ketogenic amino acids? |
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Definition
Amino acids that can produce ketone bodies, but do not make glucose because they are degraded to Acetyl-CoA
Synthesize ketone bodies, fatty acids, cholesterol |
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Term
| What are glucogenic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Can be used for gluconeogenesis? |
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Term
| Wht are the four ketogenic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Thryptophan |
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Term
| What is the Urea Cycle and what are the important points of it? |
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Definition
| The Urea cycle combines two amino groups to give arginine. It cleaves off a chunk and ends up as urea. |
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Term
What are the symptoms of Urea Cycle Diseases?
What are the treatments? |
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Definition
- Symptoms: Elevated of NH4+ in the Urine and blood, nausea and illness after protein digestion, mental retardation
- Treatment: Low protein diet supplemented with keto acids which pick up excess ammonia.
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Term
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Definition
| Phenylketonurea is the lack of the enzyme phenylalaine hydroxylase which convertes phe to tyr. Leads to degradation of neurotransmitters, excess of pheny pyruvate in urine, mental retardation. |
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Term
| What are the five amino acids as precursors for other compounds? |
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Definition
- Porphyrins - heme, cytochromes
- Nucleotides
- Melanin - Skin pigment, made from tyr
- Nitric oxide
- Biogenic amines
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Term
| What are the four biogenic amines? |
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Definition
- Histadine -> Histamine
- Glutamate -> GABA
- Tryptophan -> Serotonin
- Tyrosine -> Dopamine, epinephrine, etc (catecholamines)
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Term
| What does histamine function in? (2) |
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Definition
- Allergic response - H1 receptors in smooth muscle, endothelial cells - antihistamines are receptor antagonists
- Acid secretion in stomach - H2 receptors - Tagamet and Zantac are antagonists
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Term
| What are the functions of GABA? |
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Definition
- Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (inhibits all neurotransmitters)
- Barbiturates and Valium are receptor agonists
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Term
| What are the functions of serotonin? |
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Definition
- Involved in sleep, mood, appetite, sexuality, emotions
- Psychadelic drugs are receptor agonists
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Term
| What are the Catecholamines? |
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Definition
- result from tyrosine
- Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
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