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Biochemistry exam 5
Flash cards for exam 5.
277
Biochemistry
Professional
12/13/2012

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Term
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II reaction
Definition
HCO3 + 2 ATP + Gln → Carbomoyl-P + Glu + 2 ADP + Pi
Term
Location of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
Location of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
Definition
Cytosol
Term
Nitrogen donor for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Definition
NH3
Term
Nitrogen donor for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
Definition
Gln
Term
Dihydroorotase has what cofactors (2)
Definition
1) FMN, 2) non-heme Fe
Term
Location of dihydroorotase
Definition
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
Purine salvage enzyme to make IMP
Definition
HGPRTase
Term
Arava does what
Definition
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor
Term
Arava treats what (2)
Definition
1) Rheumatic arthritis, 2) psoriatic arthritis
Term
Orotic aciduria is what
Definition
Deficiency in last two steps of OMP synthesis
Term
Orotic aciduria leads to what (2)
Definition
1) Mental retardation, 2) megaloblastic anemia
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #1
Definition
Asp
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #2
Definition
N10-formyl-THF
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #3
Definition
Gln
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #4
Definition
Gly
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #5
Definition
Gly
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #6
Definition
CO2
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #7
Definition
Gly
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #8
Definition
N10-formyl-THF
Term
Purine ring origin: atom #9
Definition
Gln
Term
Origin of atoms in purine rings (5)
Definition
1) Gly, 2) Asp, 3) Gln (x2), 4) N10-formyl-THF (x2), 5) CO2
Term
Nucleoside of IMP
Definition
Inosine
Term
Base of IMP
Definition
Hypoxanthine
Term
N-donor for IMP → AMP
Definition
Asp
Term
N-donor for IMP → GMP
Definition
Gln
Term
N-donor for carbamoyl-P synthetase II
Definition
Gln
Term
N-donor for UTP → CTP
Definition
Gln
Term
N-donor for PRPP → phosphoribosylamine
Definition
Gln
Term
IMP → AMP synthesis: which NTP is used
Definition
GTP
Term
IMP → GMP synthesis: which NTP is used
Definition
ATP
Term
Inhibitors of PRPP synthetase (2)
Definition
1) ADP, 2) GDP
Term
Inhibitors of PR synthase (3)
Definition
1) AMP, 2) GMP, 3) IMP [All are products]
Term
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome cause
Definition
Deficiency of HGPRTase
Term
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome effects (2)
Definition
1) Self-mutilation, 2) hyperuricemia
Term
Familial infantile autism cause
Definition
Deficiency of adenylsuccinate lyase
Term
Purine salvage enzyme to make XMP
Definition
HGPRTase
Term
Purine salvage enzyme to make AMP
Definition
APRTase
Term
General reaction of HGPRTase and APRTase
Definition
Base + phosphoribosyl → NMP + PPi
Term
Purine salvage enzymes (2)
Definition
1) HGPRTase, 2) APRTase
Term
Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis by what enzyme
Definition
Ribonucleotide reductase
Term
HGPRTase deficiency
Definition
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Term
APRTase deficiency
Definition
Kidney stones
Term
Ribonucleotide reductase general reaction
Definition
ribo-PP + thioredoxin-SH → deoxyribo-PP + thioredoxin
Term
What recycles oxidized thioredoxin
Definition
Thioredoxin reductase
Term
Thioredoxin reductase uses what reducing source
Definition
NADPH
Term
Ribonucleotide reductase: what's "special" about the reaction
Definition
Free radical (through Tyr residue)
Term
Ribonucleotide reductase allosteric regulation
Definition
Elaborate: sites for ribo-TP & deoxyribo-TP to ensure balance of all 4 products
Term
Ribonucleotide reductase: master off switch
Definition
dATP
Term
Thymidine synthesis by what enzyme
Definition
Thydiylate synthase
Term
Thydiylate synthase general reaction
Definition
dUMP + methylene-THF → TMP + DHF
Term
Thydiylate synthase: methyl donor
Definition
Methylene-THF
Term
Thydiylate synthase: electron donor
Definition
Methylene-THF
Term
What restorese used methylene-THF by thydiylate synthase
Definition
Dihydrofolate reductase
Term
Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (2)
Definition
1) Methotrexate, 2) 5-fluorouracil
Term
Methotrexate ultimately inhibits synthesis of what
Definition
A, G, & T
Term
Methotrexate leads to what condition and how
Definition
Macrocytic anemia by blocking Met synthesis
Term
5-Fluorouracil is different from methotrexate how (2)
Definition
1) Does not cause macrocytic anemia, 2) leucovorin potentiates effects instead
Term
Why give leucovorin to high does methotrexate patients
Definition
Leucovorin competes more readily in normal cells than methotrexate and keeps them alive by not letting methotrexate kill them
Term
Pyrimidine degradation: C →
Definition
Malonyl CoA
Term
Pyrimidine degradation: U →
Definition
Malonyl CoA
Term
Pyrimidine degradation: T →
Definition
Methylmalonyl CoA
Term
Purine degradation: G →
Definition
Xanthine
Term
Purine degradation: A →
Definition
Hypoxanthine → xanthine
Term
Purine degradation: adenosine →
Definition
Inosine → hypoxanthine → xanthine
Term
Purine degradation: SAH →
Definition
Adenosine
Term
Uric acid production reactions
Definition
Hypoxanthine → xanthine → uric acid
Term
Forms of the enzyme that creates uric acid (2)
Definition
1) Xanthine DH, 2) xanthine oxidase
Term
Cofactor for xanthine DH
Definition
NAD
Term
Cofactor for xanthine oxidase
Definition
O2
Term
Special prosthetics of xanthine DH/oxidase (2)
Definition
1) Molybdenum, 2) non-heme Fe/S cluster
Term
Inhibitor of xanthine DH/oxidase
Definition
Allopurinol
Term
Effects of allopurinol (2)
Definition
1) Prevents Mo4+ to Mo6+ re-oxidation, 2) added to PRPP by HGPRTase inhibiting purine synthesis
Term
Causes of hyperuricemia (7)
Definition
1) HGPRTase deficiency, 2) AMP → ATP conversion deficiency, 3) glycogen storage diseases, 4) carnitine acyltransferase deficiency, 5) von Gierke's, 6) tumor lysis syndrome, 7) crush injuries
Term
Uric acid crystals in urine lead to
Definition
Acute renal failure
Term
Cause of gout
Definition
Na-urate deposition in joints
Term
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Definition
Toxic buildup of adenosine and deoxyadenosine
Term
Effects of toxic adenosine/deoxyadenosine buildup (2)
Definition
1) Inhibits DNA synthesis, 2) drives WBC apoptosis
Term
Treatment for adenosine deaminase deficiency
Definition
PEG-ADA
Term
A good treatment option for tumor lysis syndrome
Definition
Allopurinol
Term
Ethanol metabolism general reactions
Definition
EtOH → ethanal → acetate
Term
Enzymes that catalyze EtOH → ethanal (2)
Definition
1) Alcohol DH, 2) MEOS
Term
Enzyme that catalyzes ethanal → acetate
Definition
Aldehyde DH
Term
Alcohol DH reaction
Definition
EtOH + NAD → ethanal + NADH
Term
Aldehyde DH reaction
Definition
Ethanal + NAD → acetate + NADH
Term
MEOS reaction
Definition
EtOH + NADPH + O2 → ethanal + NADP + H2O
Term
Km of MEOS vs. alcohol DH
Definition
Km of MEOS is very high
Term
Prosthetic of alcohol DH
Definition
Zn2+
Term
Location of alcohol DH
Definition
Cytosol
Term
Location of aldehyde DH
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
MEOS is in what superfamily of enzymes
Definition
Cytochrome P-450
Term
Inhibitor of alcohol DH
Definition
4-methylpyrazole
Term
Anabuse inhibits what enzyme and leads to what
Definition
Inhibits aldehyde DH leading to buildup of ethanal
Term
Source of methanol
Definition
Sterno
Term
Methanol metabolsim general reactions
Definition
MeOH → formaldehyde → formic acid
Term
Consequences of methanol metbolism (3)
Definition
1) Formic acid toxic to CN II, 2) anion gap metabolic acidosis, 3) saturation of formyl-THF synthesis (not bad in itself)
Term
Treatments of methanol poisoning (4)
Definition
1) 4-Methylpyrazole, 2) EtOH, 3) hemodialysis, 4) NOT bicarbonate
Term
Why is bicarbonate not given for methanol poisoning
Definition
Suppressing breathing response to metabolic acidosis
Term
Ethylene glycol metabolism general reactions (2)
Definition
1) Ethylene glycol → oxalate, 2) ethylene glycol → glycolate → oxalate
Term
Oxalate is bad, why
Definition
Ca2+ chelator in renal tubules → shreds tubules
Term
Alcoholic ketosis consequences
Definition
1) High lactate, 2) high ketones, 3) elevated β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoaldehyde ratio (10x higher), 4) maybe normal pH, 5) cortisol, 6) adrenalin
Term
Will dipstick catch alcoholic ketosis
Definition
No
Term
Why might pH be normal in alcoholic ketosis
Definition
Acidosis offset by vomitting
Term
What is the β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio in alcoholic keotis
Definition
20:1 to 30:1 [10x normal 2:1 to 3:1 ratio]
Term
What drives high β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio
Definition
High NADH:NAD ratio
Term
High NADH:NAD ratio drives what (2)
Definition
1) Inability to form Pyr from Lac, 2) OAA pushed to malate → ketones
Term
Malnutrition deficits that setup alcoholic ketosis (4)
Definition
1) Liver glycogen absence, 2) glucagon induction, 3) insulin suppression, 4) gluconeogesis
Term
Longer the fatty acid: higher or lower boiling point
Definition
Higher
Term
More cis bonds: higher or lower boiling point
Definition
Lower
Term
Myristic acid formula
Definition
14:00
Term
Palmitic acid formula
Definition
16:00
Term
Linoeic acid formula
Definition
18:2 (Δ9, Δ12)
Term
Linolenic acid formula
Definition
18:3 (Δ9, Δ12, Δ15)
Term
Arachidonic acid formula
Definition
20:4 (Δ5, Δ8, Δ11, Δ14)
Term
What FA's discussed are ω-3 (2)
Definition
1) Linolenic, 2) EPA
Term
What FA's discussed are ω-6 (3)
Definition
1) Linoleic, 2) linolenic, 3) arachidonic
Term
Describe what is on lysophosphatidic acid
Definition
sn-1=FA, sn-2=nothing, sn-3=PO4
Term
Describe what is on phosphatidic acid
Definition
sn-1 & sn-2=FA, sn-3=PO4
Term
Membrane phospholipids: which position usually has saturated FA
Definition
sn-1
Term
Membrane phospholipids: which position usually has unsaturated FA
Definition
sn-2
Term
Membrane phospholipid: name the type with -CH2-CH2-NH3 on sn-3's PO4
Definition
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Term
Membrane phospholipid: name the type with -CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3 on sn-3's PO4
Definition
Phosphatidylcholine
Term
Membrane phospholipid: name the type with -CH2-CH(CHOO)-NH3 on sn-3's PO4
Definition
Phosphatidylserine
Term
Membrane phospholipid: name the type with -CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-OH on sn-3's PO4
Definition
Phosphatidylglycerol
Term
Cardiolipin has what structure
Definition
Two phosphatidic acids joined by a glycerol
Term
Describe what is on plasmalogens
Definition
sn-1 is ether-linked alkene, sn-2=FA, sn-3=PO4-choline
Term
Describe what is on platelet-activating factor
Definition
sn-1 is ether-linked alkane, sn-2=acetyl ester, sn-3=PO4-choline
Term
Surfactant lipid
Definition
Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
Term
Phospholipase A1 cleaves where
Definition
After -O- on sn-1
Term
Phospholipase A2 cleaves where
Definition
After -O- on sn-2
Term
Phospholipase B cleaves where
Definition
Same as A1 or A2
Term
Phospholipase C cleaves where
Definition
Before P on phosphate on sn-3
Term
Phospholipase D cleaves where
Definition
After P on phosphate on sn-3
Term
Which phospholipase cleaves off IP3
Definition
Phosphilipase C
Term
PTEN
Definition
Dephosphorylates IP3 to IP2
Term
Glucocorticoids ___ [inhibit or induce] transcription of ____ in adipocytes
Definition
Inhibit PEPCK
Term
Glucocorticoids ___ [inhibit or induce] transcription of ____ in hepatocytes
Definition
Induce PEPCK
Term
Steroids reduce concentration of what
Definition
Arachidonic acid
Term
LOX produces (2)
Definition
1) HPETE, 2) leukotrienes
Term
COX produces (2)
Definition
1) Prostaglandins, 2) thromboxane
Term
CYP produces (2)
Definition
1) EET, 2) HETE
Term
HPETE made by
Definition
LOX
Term
Leukotrienes made from
Definition
5-HPETE
Term
LOX products are what
Definition
Pro-inflammatory
Term
Which COX is constituitive
Definition
COX-1
Term
Which COX is induced by inflammation
Definition
COX-2
Term
Which COX is in most tissues
Definition
COX-1
Term
After aspirin takes effect, what product change is there
Definition
Shift to make anti-inflammatory
Term
CYP epoxygenases make
Definition
AA → EET
Term
sEH makes
Definition
EET → DHET
Term
CYP ω-oxidase makes
Definition
AA → HETE
Term
Suggested ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 ratio
Definition
4:01
Term
Isoprostanes made from
Definition
Arachidonic acid
Term
Isoprostanes made how
Definition
Non-enzymatically by reactive oxygen species
Term
Isoprostanes useful as
Definition
A biomarker for oxidative stress
Term
Sphingosine =
Definition
Palmitate + Ser
Term
Ceremide =
Definition
Sphingosine + FA on sn-2
Term
Cerebroside =
Definition
Ceremide + sugar on sn-3
Term
Sugar for cerebroside from (2)
Definition
1) Glc from UDP-Glc, 2) Gal from UDP-Gal
Term
Sphingomyelin =
Definition
Ceremide + PO4-choline on sn-3
Term
Glycosphingolipid
Definition
Group of cerebrosides & gangliosides
Term
Glycosphingolipids have what charge
Definition
Neutral
Term
Sphingomyelins have what charge
Definition
Polar head group
Term
Ganglioside =
Definition
Ceremide + one or more sialic acids
Term
Gangliosides have what charge
Definition
Negative
Term
Sulfatide =
Definition
Ganglioside + sulfated galactosyl
Term
Sulfate for sulfatides comes from
Definition
PAPS: activated sulfate
Term
Cofactor for forming sphingosine
Definition
PLP
Term
In what form are fatty acids added
Definition
Activated acyl-CoA's
Term
Where are sphingolipids synthesized (2)
Definition
1) ER, 2) GA
Term
What degrade sphingolipids
Definition
Lysosomal hydrolases
Term
Lipid rafts consist of more of what lipids (2)
Definition
1) Cholesterol, 2) sphingolipids
Term
Sphingolipids are more commonly found in which membrane leaflet
Definition
Outer
Term
Sphingomyelin is used for
Definition
Signaling
Term
Signaling: ceremides signal what type of thing
Definition
Senescence
Term
Signaling: sphingosines signal what type of thing
Definition
apoptosis
Term
Signaling: sphingosine-1-P signal what type of thing
Definition
Proliferation, inflammation, anti-apoptosis
Term
Examples of sphingolipid breakdown deficiencies (4)
Definition
1) Gaucher, 2) Niemann-Pick, 3) Fabry, 4) Tay-Sachs
Term
Lipid storage disease
Definition
Accumulation of sphingolipid from lack of an enzyme
Term
Lipid storage disease: genetic inheritance pattern
Definition
Autosomal recessive
Term
Sitosterolemia
Definition
Excess absorption of plant sterols
Term
Sterols (3)
Definition
1) Cholesterol, 2) ergosterol, 3) sitosterol
Term
Does cholesterol cross blood brain barrier: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
Is cholesterol essential: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
ACoA + AACoA → ____
Definition
HMG-CoA
Term
What enzyme: ACoA + AACoA → HMG-CoA
Definition
HMG-CoA synthase
Term
Committed step of cholesterol synthesis
Definition
HMG-CoA reductase
Term
HMG-CoA reductase reaction
Definition
HMG-CoA + 2 NADPH → mevalonate + 2 NADP
Term
Mevalonate is used to make ____
Definition
Activate isoprenes
Term
Two activated isoprenes are combined to make
Definition
Geranyl pyrophosphate
Term
Geranyl pyrophosphate is combined with activate isoprene to make
Definition
Farnesyl pyrophosphate
Term
Two farnesyl pyrophosphates are combined to make
Definition
Squalene
Term
Squalene is cyclized to make
Definition
Lanosterol
Term
Steps to convert lanosterol to cholesterol (3)
Definition
1) Δ5 desaturation, 2) Δ7 reduction, 3) Δ24 reduction
Term
Adding a fatty acid to cholesterol makes
Definition
Cholesteryl ester
Term
Other things made from the cholesterol pathway (5)
Definition
1) Isopentyl-tRNA, 2) prenylated proteins, 3) heme, 4) dolichol, 5) ubiquinon (CoQ)
Term
Two general modes for cholesterol regulation
Definition
1) Inhibit bile resorption, 2) inhibit cholesterol synthesis
Term
Smith-Lemil-Optiz syndrome
Definition
Δ7 reductase deficiency
Term
HMG-CoA reductase: inhibited or actived by insulin
Definition
Activated
Term
NPCL1
Definition
Uptake of free cholesterol in intestinal lumen
Term
ABCG5/8
Definition
Excretes cholesterol from the cell
Term
NPC1/2
Definition
Transfers cholesterol out of the endosome-lysosome
Term
__% of cholesterol in the brain is in lipid rafts & myelin
Definition
25%
Term
Extrahepatic cells get cholesterol from what structure
Definition
LDL's
Term
Typical cholesterol form in neurons
Definition
24-hydroxysterol
Term
What accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques
Definition
Cholesterol esters
Term
ACAT
Definition
Makes cholesterol esters for intracellular & ER
Term
LCAT/PCAT
Definition
Makes cholesterol esters for plasma, lipoproteins, HDL's
Term
LCAT takes FA's from what position on a TAG
Definition
sn-2
Term
Components of bile (5)
Definition
1) Cholesterol, 2) phosphatidylcholine, 3) pigments, 4) salts, 5) bicarbonate
Term
Bile acids we care about (2)
Definition
1) Cholic acid, 2) chenodeoxycholic acid
Term
__% of cholesterol is lost to feces (vs. resorption of bile)
Definition
5%
Term
Synthesis of steroids from
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
First reaction of steroid synthesis is where
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
Last common intermediate of steroid synthesis
Definition
Pregnenolone
Term
Steroid products of pregnenolone (4)
Definition
1) Aldosterone, 2) cortisol, 3) androgens, 4) estrogens
Term
# of carbons in cholesterol
Definition
27
Term
# of carbons in pregnenolone
Definition
21
Term
# of carbons in aldosterone
Definition
21
Term
# of carbons in cortisol
Definition
21
Term
# of carbons in androgens
Definition
19
Term
# of carbons in estrogens
Definition
18
Term
HMG-CoA reductase: inhibited or actived by glucagon
Definition
Inhibited
Term
HMG-CoA reductase: inhibited or actived by EPI
Definition
Inhibited
Term
HMG-CoA reductase: inhibited or actived by phosphorylation
Definition
Inhibited
Term
HMG-CoA reductase: inhibited or actived by cholseterol
Definition
Inhibited
Term
SREBP is bound to insig-1 under ___ [high or low] cholesterol
Definition
High
Term
Under low cholesterol, SREBP makes it way where
Definition
GA
Term
What finally breaks apart SREBP
Definition
Proteases
Term
Final/active piece of SREBP goes where and does what
Definition
Goes to nucleus and does gene expression things
Term
What binds to FXR
Definition
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Term
Liganded FXR goes where and does what
Definition
Translocates to nucleus and reppresses 7α-hydroxylase
Term
Activation of FXR leads to ____ [increasing or decreasing] body cholesterol
Definition
Increasing
Term
How are oxysterols produced
Definition
Through oxidative damage
Term
What binds to LXR
Definition
Oxysterols
Term
Liganded LXR does what
Definition
Increases sterol excretion
Term
Activation of LXR leads to ____ [increasing or decreasing] body cholesterol
Definition
Decreasing
Term
Chylomicrons are significant in what molecule: TAG, cholesterol esters, or protein
Definition
TAG
Term
VLDL have high levels of what molecule: TAG, cholesterol esters, or protein
Definition
TAG
Term
LDL have high levels of what molecule: TAG, cholesterol esters, or protein
Definition
Cholesterol ester
Term
HDL have high levels of what molecule: TAG, cholesterol esters, or protein
Definition
Protein
Term
Lipoproteins in chylomicrons (3)
Definition
1) ApoB-48, 2) ApoC, 3) ApoE
Term
Lipoproteins in VLDL (3)
Definition
1) ApoB-100, 2) ApoC, 3) APoE
Term
Lipoproteins in LDL
Definition
ApoB-100
Term
Lipoprotein in HDL
Definition
ApoA-1
Term
Lipoprotein unique to chylomicrons
Definition
ApoB-48
Term
LDL receptor recognizes what lipoproteins (2)
Definition
1) ApoB-100, 2) ApoE
Term
Proteins involved in HDL metabolism (6)
Definition
1) ABCA1, 2) ABCG1, 3) LCAT, 4) CETP, 5) SR-B1, 6) hepatic lipase
Term
CETP transfers what from HDL to VLDL
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
CETP transfers what from VLDL to HDL
Definition
TAG
Term
7α-hydroxylase deficiency: which bile acid pathway is lost: classic or acidic
Definition
Classic
Term
27-hydroxylase deficiency: which bile acid pathway is lost: classic or acidic
Definition
Both
Term
Treatment of 7α- or 27-hydroxylase deficiency
Definition
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Term
What do macrophages and epithelia take up that makes them "foam cells"
Definition
Oxidized LDL's
Term
Familial hypercholesterolemia caused by
Definition
Defective LDL receptor
Term
Which steroid synthesis deficits cause a loss of androgens (2)
Definition
1) 3β-hydroxysteroid DH, 2) 17α-hydroxylase
Term
Which steroid synthesis deficits cause an excess of androgens (2)
Definition
1) 21-hydroxylase, 2) 11β-hydroxylase
Term
Lipid-soluble vitamins (4)
Definition
A, D, E, K
Term
Which lipid-soluble vitamins affect transcription (2)
Definition
A, D
Term
Vitamin A events (4)
Definition
Reinol → retinoic acid → retinoic acid binding protein → transcription
Term
Types of PPAR (3)
Definition
1) PPARα, 2) PPARΒ/γ, 3) PPARδ
Term
PPARα found where
Definition
Liver & skeletal muscle
Term
PPARΒ/γ found where
Definition
Adipocyte
Term
PPARδ found where
Definition
Adipocyte & skeletal muscle
Term
Effect of interrupting retinol pathway
Definition
Teratogenicity
Term
Vitamin D does what
Definition
Regulates calcium
Term
Vitamin E does what
Definition
Anti-oxidant
Term
Vitamin K does what
Definition
Carboxylation of glutamyl residues
Term
Leptin signals what
Definition
Signals fed state
Term
Events of leptin (5)
Definition
Leptin → leptin receptor → phosphorylated STAT → dimerizes → is a transcription factor
Term
Gherlin signals what
Definition
Signals hungry state
Term
insulin signals what
Definition
Signals fed state
Term
PYY3-36 signals what
Definition
Dampens hunger
Term
Nutritional rickets
Definition
Vitamin D deficiency
Term
Renal rickets
Definition
Deficit of enzyme that converts to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Term
Vitamin D toxicity (2)
Definition
1) Bone resorption, 2) deposition of calcium
Term
Metabolic syndrome problems (5)
Definition
1) Insulin resistance, 2) hyperglycemia, 3) dyslipidemia, 4) hypertension, 5) prothromic & proinflammatory states
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