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Definition
an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present,
but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent. |
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Definition
| a measure of the energy that drives the reaction; the electronic potentials of each half-reaction are added together to yield the net potential (see redox half reactions) |
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Definition
| acetyl groups are oxidized or broken down to form CO2 and energy in the form of reduced coenzymes |
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Definition
| citric acid cycle intermediates are precursors in a number of biosynthetic pathways |
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Definition
| reactions which replace intermediates of the central metabolic pathway lost to biosynthetic reactions. The citric acid intermediate products used in anabolic processes are replenished by anaplerotic reactions |
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Definition
this means that a pathway can function in both anabolic and catabolic processes
Anabolic – construction of molecules from smaller units
Catabolic – breakdown of larger molecules into simpler components |
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Explain the conversion process of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA including location of conversion, enzyme complex involved, and activators and inhibitors of this conversion process |
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Definition
§ Before pyruvate can be utilized for further production of energy, it has to be converted to Acetyl-CoA.
§ Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
§ Requires enzyme complex, known as the
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
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Term
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a large multi-enzyme structure, which includes the following enzyme components:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase:
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase:
Dehydrolipoyl dehydrogenase: |
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Definition
Converts 3-carbon pyruvate to 2-carbon acetyl gp
Catalyzes transfer of acetyl group to CoASH
Readies the enzyme complex to convert more pyruvate |
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Term
Citric Acid cyle:
Alternate names: |
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Definition
| Krebs Cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) |
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| Substrate required for entry into the cycle, and types of molecules that this substrate may be derived from: |
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Definition
| Acetyl CoA , Fatty acid metabolism. Acetyl-CoA is produced by the breakdown of both carbohydrates (by glycolysis) and fats (by beta-oxidation). |
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Products of the Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
· 2 CO2
· 3 NADH
· 3 H+
· 1 FADH2
· 1 GTP
· Metabolic Intermediates
· Citrate may be transported out of the mitochondria to be converted to acetyl CoA by citrate lyase. Acetyl CoA may be used for lipid biosynthesis
· Oxaloacetate may be used in the biosynthesis of glucose and pyrimidines
· Malate may be converted to pyruvate
· Sucinnyl-CoA may be used for heme synthesis |
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· Regulators of the cycle – These are also the rate limiting steps and enzymes responsible |
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Definition
I.R. = Acetyl CoA + Oxiloacitate to produce Citrate by way of
Step #1 regulatory enzyme = Citrate synthase
I.R. = Isocitrate goes on to produce Alpha-ketoglutarate
Step #3 regulatory enzyme = Isocitrate dehydrogenase
I.R.= Alpha-ketoglutarate goes on to produce Succinyl CoA by
Step #4 regulatory enzyme = Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
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