Energy Content in kcal/g and KJ/g

Fat:

Carb:

Protein:

Alcohol:

Fat:      9 kcal/g and 38 KJ/g

Carb:   4 kcal/g and 17KJ/g

Protein: 4 kcal/g and 17 KJ/g

Alcohol: 7 kcal/g and 29 KJ/g

Digestions

Absorption

Transport

Dietary Fuels are Oxidized to form?

Fats:

Carbs: 

Proteins:

Alcohol:

Fats:         CO2 + H2O

Carbs:       CO2 + H2O

Proteins:              CO2 + H2O + NH4⁺

Alcohol:   CO₂ + H₂O

ATP -> ADP + Pi

Energy is Utilized through (5 ways): ____________

ADP -> ATP

Energy is produced through (1 way): ___________ 

Utilized through

Biosynthesis, Detoxification, Muscle Contraction, Ion Transport, Thermogensis

Produced by

OXIDATION

4 steps in oxidation of Carbs, lipids, and proteins to produced ATP:

1. Hydrolyzed to form ___ + ____ + ____

2. Then each are degraded to form _________

3. Enters the TCA cycle to form _____ and _____

4. ATP is produced by ______ _______ and released by Electron Transport Chain

1. Glucose, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids

2. Acetyl CoA

3. NADH₂ and FADH

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Define + Know how to Calculate

1. RDA:

2. BMR:

3. DEE:

1. Recommended Daily Allowance

How much you are allowed to consume each day

2. Basal Metabolic Rate

Energy needed for daily maintanence of organs

3. Daily Energy Expenditure

BMR + Food + Activity

3 Monosaccharides are ___ ____ ____

Provides _____ for cells

3 Disaccharides are ___ ____ ___

______ to produce glucose

3 Polysaccharides are _____ ____ ____

Used for energy _____

Conjugated Carbohydrates are components of the ___ _____

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Provide Energy for cell

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Digested

Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

Energy Storage

Components of the cell surface

Sucrose breaks down to: Glucose and ______

Maltose breaks down to: Glucose and ______

Lactose breaks down to: Glucose and ______

Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose

Maltose: Glucose + Glucose

Lactose: Glucose + Galactose

Nitrogen Balance:

Determined by _____ _____

Positive examples: ____ ____ ____

Negative examples: ____ ____

Neutral examples: _______

Nitrogen Balance:

Determined by Amino acids

Positive examples: Growth, Recovery, Pregnancy

Negative example: Stress, poor-diet

Neutral: general health

3 Major Electrolytes: ___ ___ ___

Electrolytes create ____ gradients, maintain ______, neutralize ______

4 Major Minerals: ___ ___ ___ ___

___ and ___ are used for structural components

*____* required or metabolic function of ATP

___ is a component of Hemoglobin in blood

3 Major Electrolytes: Na+,K+,Cl-

Electrolytes create ion gradients, maintain water-balance, neutralize ion-charges

4 Dificiencies of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A:

Vitamin D:

Vitamin E:

Vitamin K:

Vitamin A:                    Night blindness

Vitamin D:       Rickets or Osteomalacia

Vitamin E:             Musclular Dystrophy

Vitamin K:       Anemia or Blood clotting

Know the categories of water-soluble vitamins:

1. Energy Metabolism: ___,___,___,___,____

2. Amino Acid Metabolism: ______ includes ___ and ____.

3. RBC/neutral development: _____ and _____

4. Collagen Synthesis: _______

1. Energy Metabolism: Thiamine B1, Riboflavin B2, Niacin B3, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid B5

2. Amino Acid Metabolism: Pyridoxamine B6 includes Pyridoxal and Pyridoxine.

3. RBC/neutral development: Folic Acid and Cobalamin B12

4. Collagen Synthesis: Ascorbic Acid C

Deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins:

Energy Metabolism Vitamins

1. Thiamine (B1): ____

2. Riboflavin (B2): ____

3. Niacin (B3): ____

4. Pantothenic Acid (B5): ____

5. Biotin (B7): _______

1. Thiamine (B1): Beriberi or annorexia

2. Riboflavin (B2): Ariboflavinosis

3. Niacin (B3): Pellegra

4. Pantothenic Acid (B5): Irretability and fatique

5. Biotin (B7): Conjunctivitis

Deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins:

Problems and deficiencies in:

Calcium: _____ and ____

Phosphorus: ____loss, ____, ____, and _____

Iron: _____ (decreased hemoglobin concention in blood) 

Calcium: Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia

Phosphorus: Bone loss, weakness, anorexia, and pain

Iron: Anemia (decreased hemoglobin concentration in blood)  

Name the fate of the mejor fuels in Fed State:

1. Glucose: ____ in the form of glycogen

____ for energy

2. Amino Acids: ____ synthesis

Synthesis of ____ compounds

____ for energy

3. Fats: ____ for energy

____ in the form of Triacylglycerides

Synthesis of membrane _____

1. Glucose: Stored in the form of glycogen

Oxidized for energy

2. Amino Acids: Protein synthesis

Synthesis of Nitrogen compounds

Oxidized for energy

3. Fats: Oxidized for energy

Stored in the form of Triacylglycerides

Synthesis of membrane lipids

Know what enzymes break down which dietary fuels:

1. Carbs -> monosaccharides

Starch, lactose, and sucrose are broken down by __,___, and ___.

2. Proteins -> Amino Acids

4 enzymes break down protein: ___, ___, ___, and ___.

3. Fats (Triacylglycerols) -> FA and 2-monoglycerols

Fats are broken down in the ____ by _____

1. Carbs -> monosaccharides

Starch, lactose, and sucrose are broken down by a-amylase,sucrase, and lactase.

2. Proteins -> Amino Acids

4 enzymes break down protein: Proteases, Pepsin, Trypsin, and Chymotrypsin.

3. Fats (Triacylglycerols) -> FA and 2-monoglycerols

Fats are broken down in the Pancrease by pancreatic lipase

Name the 4 lipoproteins in the blood

1. 

2. 

3. LDL

4.

Chylomicrons

VLDL

LDL

HDL

4 Lipodproteins and their function

1. _____: made in the epithelial cells.

carries triacylglycerides in the blood

2. _____: made in the liver from glucose.

Carries triacylglycerides in blood

3. LDL: made in the blood.

BAD, contrains high concentrations of _____ and ____.

4. ____: made in liver and ____.

exchanges lipds and proteins with lipoproteins

Returns cholesterol from peripheral tissue to liver.

1. Chylomicrons: made in the epithelial cells.

carries triacylglycerides in the blood

2. VLDL: made in the liver from glucose.

Carries triacylglycerides in blood

3. LDL: made in the blood. (BAD)

Contrains high concentrations of cholesterol and esters.

4. HDL: made in liver and intestine.

exchanges lipds and proteins with lipoproteins

Returns cholesterol from peripheral tissue to liver.

Explain how oxidation occurs in exerise.

Use ____ in blood or _____ in your muscles and liver to make ATP by oxidation of ___ and ___ or converting it to lactate through _____.

Glycogen is stored in the ____ and _____

Know the destination of Triacylglycerol in the Fed State.

TG are found in the _____ and broken down to 2-monoacylglycerols and Fatty-Acids by _____.

They interact with Bile salts to form ____.

Then interact with Epithelial cells to reform _____.

Next packaged with proteins and ___ to form _____ and are then secreted in the the blood stream..

TG are found in the Intestines and broken down to Fatty-Acids and 2-monoacylglycerols by pancreatic-lipase.

They interact with Bile salts to form micelles.

Then interact with Epithelial cells to reform TG.

 Next packaged with proteins and cholesterols to form Chylomicrons and are then secreted in the the blood stream.

Know how blood glucose levels regulate the release of insulin and glucagon in the Fed State or Absorptive State

Glucose levels High:

Insulin levels ____

Glycogen levels ____

Glucagon levels ____

Fed State or Absorptive State

Glucose levels High:

Insulin levels High

Glycogen levels High

Glucagon levels "Low"

Know the differences and similarities of Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia

1. Hypercholesterolemia: elevated _____ levels

____ type drugs

2.Hyperglycemia: Elevated ____ levels

______ type drugs

3. Hyperlipidemia: Elevated ____ levels

___ type drugs

1. Hypercholesterolemia: elevated Cholesterol levels

Antihyperlipidemic type drugs

2.Hyperglycemia: Elevated Glucose levels

Insulin type drugs

3. Hyperlipidemia: Elevated Lipid levels

Antihyperlipidemic type drugs

Know the differences and similarities of Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia

Post Absorptive State or Fasting state

Insulin levels _____

Glucose levels _____

Glycogen levels ______

Glucagon levels _______

Insulin levels Low

Glucose levels Low

Glycogen levels Low

Glucagon levels High

Starved State or Prolonged Fasting

Glucose Levels _____

Glycogen Levels ______

Insulin Levels ______

Glucagon Levels _____

Starved State or Prolonged Fasting

Insulin levels low

Glucose levels low

Glycogen levels low

Glucagon levels high

Postabsorptive State

Glucose Levels: _____

Insulin Levels: _____

Glycogen Levels: ______

Glucagon Levels: _______

Glucose Levels: Low

Insulin Levels: Low

Glycogen Levels: Low

Glucagon Levels: High

Starved State or Prolonged Fasting State

Glucose Levels: ______

Glycogen Levels: _______

Insulin Levels: ________

Glucagon Levels: ________

Starved State or Prolonged Fasting State

Glucose Levels: Low

Glycogen Levels: Low

Insulin Levels: Low

Glucagon Levels: High

Muscle and kidney obtain their energy from Ketone bodies by this process

Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA Cycle)

T/F: All enzymes are proteins

T/F: All proteins are Enzymes

True: All enzymes are proteins

False: All proteins are enzymes

-all proteins are not enzymes

During Starvation:

Glucose Levels _____

Fatty Acid Levels ______

Ketone Body Levels _______

During Starvation:

Glucose Levels Decrease

Fatty Acid Levels Increase

Ketone Body Levels Increase

Differences in Fasting State and Starved State

1. Brain uses ____ as an energy source (Fasting State)

2. Muscle and Kidney use ___ as an energy source (Starvation state)

3. Muscle continues to use ____ for energy, but decreases its use of  _____.  (Starved State).

4. Brain uses ___ as an energy source (Starved State).

1. Brain uses glucose as an energy source (Fasting State)

2. Muscle and Kidney use Fatty Acids as an energy source (Starvation state)

3. Muscle continues to use Fatty Acids for energy, but decreases its use of  Ketone Bodies.  (Starved State).

4. Brain uses Ketone Bodies as an energy source (Starved State).

Differences in Fasting State and Starving State

1._____ is the only way to produce glucose in the Starving State.

2. Glucose is still used in the _____ and partially in the _____ in the starving state.

3. 2 Process to produce glucose in the fasting state: ____ and _____

1. Gluconeogensis is the only way to produce glucose in the Starving State.

2. Glucose is still used in the RBC and partially in the brain in the starving state.

3. 2 Process to produce glucose in the fasting state: Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis

Creatinine released from the________ is proportional to muscle mass.

The amount of creatinine excreted can be used to determine amount of______ in the body. 

Creatinine Height Index measure the protein depletion from the body.

Creatinine released from the muscles is proportional to muscle mass.

The amount of creatinine excreted can be used to determine amount of muscle in the body. 

There are a total of ___ L of water in the body.

____ L in the ICF

_____ L in the ECF

There are a total of 40 L of water in the body.

25 L in the ICF

15 L in the ECF

The ECF has High concentrations of these 2 eletrolytes: ____ and ____

The ICF has High Concentrations of 1 electrolyte _____ and inorganic _____

The ECF has High concentrations of these 2 eletrolytes: Na⁺ and Cl^-

The ICF has High Concentrations of 1 electrolyte K⁺  and inorganic Phosphate

a.   _________: measure of concentration of solutes

                                 i.     Proportional to total concentration of all dissolved molecules.

a.    Osmolality: measure of concentration of solutes

                                 i.     Proportional to total concentration of all dissolved molecules.

b.   ___________: quantity of a particular substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent

b.    Solubility: quantity of a particular substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent

a.   _________ Bonds:

                                 i.     Strong electronegative atom with hydrogen

b.   _________ Interactions

                                 i.     Attraction: + with -             Repulsion: - with – or + with +

a.    Hydrogen Bonds:

                                 i.     Strong electronegative atom with hydrogen

b.    Ionic Interactions

                                 i.     Attraction: + with -             Repulsion: - with – or + with +

a.   _________ Interactions

                                 i.     Nonpolar molecule with polar molecules

b.    __________ Reaction

                                 i.     Any 2 atoms in close proximity

a.    Hydrophobic Interactions

                                 i.     Nonpolar molecule with polar molecules

b.    Van der Waals Reaction

                                 i.     Any 2 atoms in close proximity

a.    ∆G (free energy change) :

Favorable or Unfavorable

                                 i.     Negative = _______

                                ii.     Positive =______

a.    ∆G (free energy change) :

                                 i.     Negative = favorable reaction

                                ii.     Positive = unfavorable

a.    ∆H (Enthalpy change)

                                 i.     Negative:    Exothermic                Bonds ________          Energy ______

                                ii.     Positive: Endothermic                 Bonds ________          Energy _________     

a.    ∆H (Enthalpy change)

                                 i.     Negative:    Exothermic                Bonds Broken          Energy Released

                                ii.     Positive: Endothermic                 Bonds formed          Energy Absorbed     

a.    ∆S (_______Change)

                                 i.     Measure of _______ in a system

Positive or negative?

                                ii.    ______________ : more molecules, more randomness

__________ : less molecules, less randomness   

a.    ∆S (Entropy Change)

                                 i.     Measure of randomness in a system

                                ii.     Positive: more molecules, more randomness

Negative: less molecules, less randomness   

1.    Know the importance of pH & why and how it is regulated

a.    A _______ pH wards off infections

b.    Body keeps a neutral pH by use of________.

a.    A neutral pH wards off infections

b.    Body keeps a neutral pH by use of buffers

Know the Equation in water for

K_eq =

K_w =

K_d =___

K_eq = [H⁺][OH^-] / [H₂O]

K_w = [H⁺] [OH^-]

K_d = K_eq

a.    _________ in the lungs is in equilibrium with the bicarbonate buffer in the blood passing through the lungs. Breathing can dissolve CO₂ and the blood is in equilibrium with the CO₂. But because carbonic acid is in equilibrium with CO₂, less breathing can increase the levels of carbonic acid in the blood.

Buffers work best within a range of 1 pH unit either above or below the pKa of the buffer, where the pKa is the negative log of the Ka. 

a.    CO₂ in the lungs is in equilibrium with the bicarbonate buffer in the blood passing through the lungs. Breathing can dissolve CO₂ and the blood is in equilibrium with the CO₂. But because carbonic acid is in equilibrium with CO₂, less breathing can increase the levels of carbonic acid in the blood.

Buffers work best within a range of 1 pH unit either above or below the pKa of the buffer, where the pKa is the negative log of the Ka. 

4 enzymes that break down proteins are

pepsin, proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin

Chylomicrons, LDL, VLDL, and HDL are all found in the blood and are 4 forms of this type of protein

Lipoprotein

This process breaks down Ketone bodies 

TCA Cycle

Gluconeogensis occurs in which organ?

Liver

Chylomicrons are made in this type of cells

Epithlial Cells

In the Red Blood Cells, Glucose in converted to this. Also occurs during excercise in the muscle.

Lactate

Ketone Bodies are formed in this organ: _____

During Fasting and Starvations, they are the primary energy source in these 2 organs. ___ and ____

Ketone Bodies are formed in this organ

Liver

During Fasting and Starvations, they are the primary energy source in these 2 organs. Brain and Muscle

Ketone Bodies can be made by partially oxidizing _____

They can also be made by amino acids because the liver can convert them to glucose or ketone bodies

Ketone Bodies can be made by partially oxidizing Fatty Acids

They can also be made by amino acids because the liver can convert them to glucose or ketone bodies.

3 major Ketone bodies are 

1  β-hydroxybutyrate 

2. acetoacetate

3. acetone     

Which enzyme is used when CO₂ and H₂O are converted to carbonic Acid (H₂COH₃)?

Carbonic Anhydrase

Within the Red Blood Cell, what are the buffers?

____ and _____

Within the Red Blood Cell, what are the buffers?

____ and _____

Hemoglobin (Hb) and Phosphate (HPO₄^-) 

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Decreased breathing results in:

______ dCO₂ 

_______ carbonic acid

__________ pH

_________ O₂ in blood

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Decreased breating results in:

Increased      dCO₂

decreased   carbonic acid

    decreased                   pH

decreased         O₂ in blood

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

High or Low:         ___   PaCO2  & ____ pH

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

High or Low:         High   PaCO2  & Low pH

*Too much CO₂ creates too much Carbonic Acid

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS  

  High or Low: ___ PaCO2  _____pH 

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS  

  High or Low: Low PaCO2     High pH 

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS    

High or Low

____ HCO3-  & _____ pH 

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS    

High or Low

Low HCO3-  & Low pH 

*metabolic are proportional to pH and Bicarbonate

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS    

 High or Low

____  HCO3-  & ____  pH

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS  

High HCO3-   &   High pH

Which one is an omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid?

Linoleic _____

Linolenic ______

Which one is an omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid?

Linoleic   Omega 3

Linolenic  Omega 6

Triacylglycerides are broken down pancreatic lipase by this process

_________

Triacylglycerides are broken down pancreatic lipase by this process

Lipidolysis

Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol = Ester

Carboxylic Acid + Sulfhydryl = Thioester

Phosphoric Acid + Phosphoric Acid = _______

What by product results from this interaction?

Phosphoric Acid + Phosphoric Acid = Anhydride

What by product results from this interaction?

Water

Difference between glucose and fructose is the location of the ______ group

This makes Fructose a ______

and glucose a aldohexose

Difference between glucose and fructose is the location of the Carbonyl group

This makes Fructose a ketohexose

and glucose a aldohexose

Bottom or Top

alpha linkage occurs with the hydroxyl group on the _____ 

Bottom or Top

alpha linkage occurs with the hydroxyl group on the Bottom (below the H)

Bottom or top

Beta-linkage occurs with the hydroxyl group on the ______

Bottom or top

Beta-linkage occurs with the hydroxyl group on the Top

What is the term that describes: ________

Flipping the OH from the enantionmeric center

i)      Change in the optical rotation that occurs in an equilibrium between two epimers (differ in 1 stereocenter).

What is the term that describes: Mutarotation

Flipping the OH from the enantionmeric center

i)      Change in the optical rotation that occurs in an equilibrium between two epimers (differ in 1 stereocenter).

What is the Term?

a)   ______________

i)      Same chemical formula

ii)    Different positions of functional groups

What is the Term?

a)   Stereoisomer

i)      Same chemical formula

ii)    Different positions of functional groups

What is the Term?

a)    __________________

i)      one of two stereoisomers

ii)    mirror images of each other

iii)   non-superposable

What is the Term?

Enantiomer

i)      one of two stereoisomers

ii)    mirror images of each other

iii)   non-superposable

a)    Oxidized Sugar:

i)      Oxidized at the _______  group to form an acid

Which group?

a)    Oxidized Sugar:

i)      Oxidized at the aldehyde group to form an acid

i)      If _______ group is reduced, changed to a deoxy sugar and replaced with( -H)

i)      If hydroxyl group is reduced, changed to a deoxy sugar and replaced with( -H)

1)    Also know the difference between pyranose and furanose.

D-glucose has a ______ group

D-fructose has a ______ group

D-glucose forms glucopyranose which has a ____ membered ring

D-fructose forms fructofuranose which has a ____ membered ring

1)    Also know the difference between pyranose and furanose.

D-glucose has a Aldehyde group

D-fructose has a Ketone group

D-glucose forms glucopyranose which has a 6 membered ring

D-fructose forms fructofuranose which has a 5 membered ring

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

a)    Fatty acids:

Unsaturated has ______ bonds

Cis is (good or bad)

Trans (good or bad)

Saturated are also called _____ acids

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

a)    Fatty acids:

Unsaturated has Double bonds

Cis is (good or bad)

Trans (good or bad)

Saturated are also called stearic acids

Linoleic and Linolenic are examples of _____ Fatty Acids that are in the (cis or trans) form.

Linolenic is also called omega-(3,6,9) fatty acid

Linoleic is also called omega-(3,6,9) fatty acid

Linoleic and Linolenic are examples of unsaturated Fatty Acids that are in the (cis or trans) form.

Linolenic is also called omega-(3,6,9) fatty acid

Linoleic is also called omega-(3,6,9) fatty acid

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

Fatty Acid and Glycerol can be formed with esterification to make _______ 

_______ can also be oxidized to CO2 and H2O

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

Fatty Acid and Glycerol can be formed with esterification to make Triacylglycerols 

Triacylglycerols can also be oxidized to CO2 and H2O

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

Phospholipids are a major components of the _____ (this part of call)

They are cleaved by ______

and a Lung Surfactant

Phospholipids are a major components of the membrane

They are cleaved by phospholipases

and a Lung Surfactant

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

Sphingolipids are derivatives of ____

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

Sphingolipids are derivatives of ceramide

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

______ are forms of cholesterol 

precursers for hormones, Vitamin D, and Bile Acids

Steroids are forms of cholesterol 

precursers for hormones, Vitamin D, and Bile Acids

1)    Identify each class of lipids, list their functions and explain their relationships with specific diseases

______ are short-term signaling molecules

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

Leukotrienes (LTs)

Eicosanoids are short-term signaling molecules

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

Leukotrienes (LTs)

Chapter 5

______ is a compound that has a Hydrogen that can shift places resulting in double to single bonds or opposite.

Considered same compound different structure.

One form is more reactive than the other

Example: uric acid, urate, gout

Chapter 5

Tautomer is a compound that has a Hydrogen that can shift places resulting in double to single bonds or opposite.

Considered same compound different structure.

One form is more reactive than the other

Example: uric acid, urate, gout

Chapter 5

____ is a compound that has a single electron

______ exist independently within a solution

Chapter 5

Radical is a compound that has a single electron

Free Radical exist independently within a solution

Chapter 5

______ are radicals within a cell that are the source for desctruction. 

Very toxic, reactive, and potent.

Ex: Nitrogen Oxide radical

Chapter 5

Superoxides are radicals within a cell that are the source for desctruction. 

Very toxic, reactive, and potent.

Ex: Nitrogen Oxide radical

Chapter 5

Purines + Pyrimidines + _______ are all nitrogenous bases

Chapter 5

Purines + Pyrimidines + pyridines are all nitrogenous bases

•       Clinical correlations: understand how the chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon environmental toxins behave in the body

____ and ____ are chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon environmental toxins.

___ were used as herbicides in the US.

___ are formed as by product during the production of other chlorinated cmpounds and herbicides

•       Clinical correlations: understand how the chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon environmental toxins behave in the body

DDTs and CDDs are chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon environmental toxins.

DDT were used as herbicides in the US.

CDDs are formed as by product during the production of other chlorinated cmpounds and herbicides

Two endocrine hormones regulate fuel storage and retrieval

_____ and _____

Two endocrine hormones regulate fuel storage and retrieval

glucagon and insulin

Chapter 2

Major carbohydrate in blood is _____ and its levels regulate the release of insulin and glucagon

Chapter 2

Glucose can be stored in two forms in the fed state:

_____ and ____

Chapter 2

Glucose can be stored in two forms in the fed state:

Triacylglycerol and Glycogen

Chapter 2

Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose in _____ and _____

Chapter 2

Triacylglycerols can be made from glucose in the _____ and released as _____

_______ is the storage stie for triacylglycerols

Triacylglycerols can be made from glucose in the Liver and released as VLDL.

Adipose Tissue is the storage stie for triacylglycerols

Chapter 2

___ and ____ use glucose as a primary energy source under normal conditions

Bicarbonate Buffer system in the body occurs in the ECF or ICF?

Bicarbonate Buffer system in the body occurs in the ECF or ICF?

Monosaccharides

Glucose: ___ sugar, energy for most cells

 Galactose: converted to glucose and _____

Fructose: _____ sugar, converted to glucose and metabolized

Monosaccharides

Glucose: blood sugar, energy for most cells

 Lactose: converted to glucose and metabolized

Fructose: Fruit sugar, converted to glucose and metabolized

Disaccharides

Sucrose: ___ sugar, digested to glucose and ____

Lactose: ___ sugar, digested to glucose and ___ ; important in ____ nutrition

Maltose: ___ sugar, product of ____ digestion, digested to glucose and _____

Disaccharides

Sucrose: Cane sugar, digested to glucose and Fructose

Lactose: Milk sugar, digested to glucose and Galactose ; important in infant nutrition

Maltose: Malt sugar, product of starch digestion, digested to glucose and glucose

Polysaccharides

_____ : structural polysaccharide of plants

_____: Energy storage in plant cells

______: energy storage in animal cells; (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)

Polysaccharides

Cellulose : structural polysaccharide of plants

Starch: Energy storage in plant cells

Glycogen: energy storage in animal cells; (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)

Conjugated Carbohydrates

_____ and _____  are components of the cell surface coat .

____ function is cell adhesion; lubrication; supportive filler of some tissues and organs

Conjugated Carbohydrates

Glycoprotein and Glycolipid are components of the cell surface coat .

Proteoglycan function is cell adhesion; lubrication; supportive filler of some tissues and organs