Term
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Definition
| A chemical intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
In eukaryotes, a membrane-bounded
organelle that contains chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
A unicellular or multicellular
organism with cells having a membrane bounded nucleus, multiple chromosomes, and
internal organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
All the genetic information encoded
in a cell or virus. |
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Term
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Definition
: A term used historically to refer
to any species in the kingdoms Bacteria and
Archaea. The differences between bacteria
(formerly referred to as “eubacteria”) and
archaea are sufficiently great that the inclusive
term is of marginal usefulness. A tendency
to use “prokaryote” when referring only
to bacteria is common and misleading;
“prokaryote” also implies an ancestral
Glossary G-13
relationship to eukaryotes, which is incorrect.
In this text, “prokaryote” and “prokaryotic” are
no longer used |
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Term
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Definition
One of the five kingdoms of living
organisms; bacteria have a plasma membrane
but no internal organelles or nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
One of the five kingdoms of living
organisms; includes many species that thrivein extreme environments of high ionic strength, high temperature, or low pH |
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Term
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Definition
The filamentous network that
provides structure and organization to the
cytoplasm; includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
: Compounds that have the
same composition and the same order of
atomic connections but different molecular
arrangements. |
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Term
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Definition
The spatial arrangement of an
organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of either (1) double bonds, about which there is no freedom of rotation, or (2) chiral centers, around which substituent groups are
arranged in a specific sequence. Configurational isomers cannot be interconverted without breaking one or more covalent bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
An atom with substituents
arranged so that the molecule is not superposable on its mirror image. |
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Term
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Definition
A spatial arrangement of
substituent groups that are free to assume
different positions in space, without breaking any bonds, because of the freedom of bond rotation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent of randomness or disorder in a system |
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Term
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Definition
| The heat content of a system |
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Term
| free-energy change (G-change) |
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Definition
The amount of free energy released (negative delta G) or
absorbed (positive delta G) in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
A chemical reaction
that consumes energy (that is, for which G is
positive) |
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Term
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Definition
A chemical reaction that
proceeds with the release of free energy (that
is, for which G is negative). |
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Term
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Definition
The state of a system in which
no further net change is occurring; the free
energy is at a minimum. |
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Term
| standard free-energy change |
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Definition
The
free-energy change for a reaction occurring
under a set of standard conditions: temperature,
298 K; pressure, 1 atm or 101.3 kPa; and
all solutes at 1 M concentration. G denotes
the standard free-energy change at pH 7.0 in
55.5 M water. |
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Term
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Definition
The amount of
energy (in joules) required to convert all the
molecules in 1 mol of a reacting substance
from the ground state to the transition state. |
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Term
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Definition
The phase of intermediary
metabolism concerned with the energy yielding
degradation of nutrient molecules |
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Term
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Definition
The phase of intermediary metabolism
concerned with the energy-requiring
biosynthesis of cell components from smaller
precursors. |
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Term
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Definition
The entire set of enzymecatalyzed
transformations of organic molecules
in living cells; the sum of anabolism and
catabolism |
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Term
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Definition
The study of complex
biochemical systems, integrating the functions
of several to all of the macromolecules in a cell
(RNA, DNA, proteins). |
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Term
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Definition
An inheritable change in the
nucleotide sequence of a chromosome. |
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