Term
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Definition
| a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base formed by linking the base to C-1' of the sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when one or more phosphate groups are attached to the C-5' of a nucleoside. Building blocks of DNA |
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Term
| What are the 5 bases found in DNA and RNA and what are the differences between the nucleoside found in DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
-Adenine: adenosine (deoxyadenosine)
-Guanine: gaunosine (deoxyguanosine)
-Cytosine: cytidine (deoxycytidine)
-Uracil: uridine (deoxyuridine)
-Thymine: (deoxythymidine) *found only in DNA
The deoxy form of the sugar is found in DNA thus the name deoxyribonucleic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| contain two rings in their structure; include adenine and guanine found in both DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| contain only one ring in their structure; include cytosine, thymine, and uracil. Cytosine is found in both DNA and RNA. Uracil is found strictly in RNA and thymine strictly in DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
1. the compound is cyclic
2. the compound is planar
3. the compound is conjugated (has alternating single and multiple bonds, or lone pairs, creating at least one unhydridized p-orbital for each atom in the ring)
4. the compound has 4n+2 (where n is any integer) pi electrons. Called Huckel's rule |
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Term
| What are the key features of the Watson-Crick Model? |
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Definition
-strands are antiparallel
-sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside of the helix with the nitrogenous bases on the inside
-complementary base pairing A-T, G-C
-A=T and G=C |
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Term
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Definition
| five histone proteins that DNA base pairs wrap around for more efficient storage and condensation of DNA. The DNA histone complex is called a nucleosome |
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Term
| heterochromatin vs. euchromatin |
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Definition
| heterochromatin is compacted DNA that is transcriptionally silent while euchromatin is dispersed DNA that is genetically active |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive sequences at the end of chromosomes that is high in GC content to prevent unraveling of the DNA and prevent degradation of the coding regions. Telomerase replaces and adds on the telomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the middle of chromosomes to hold sister chromatids together during mitosis until they are separated during anaphase. High GC content |
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Term
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Definition
| places in DNA that appear where replication begins and moves in both directions creating replication forks in either direction |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication |
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Term
| single-stranded DNA-binding proteins |
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Definition
| they bind the single stranded DNA during replication to keep it free for replication and to prevent the DNA from base pairing back with itself and prevent degradation by nucleases |
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Term
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Definition
| make nicks ahead of replication fork to reduce supercoiling and torsional pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizes the new daughter strand based on the DNA template. Reads in 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes in 5' to 3' direction |
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Term
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Definition
| The strand of the replication fork that is copied in a continuous manner |
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Term
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Definition
| copied in opposite direction of replication fork. Can only synthesize small strands called Okazaki fragments which are then annealed together by DNA ligase |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizes a short RNA primer to start replication; continuous primers needed for lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| seals ends of DNA molecules together |
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Term
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Definition
| mutated genes that cause cancer; primarily code for cell cycle-related proteins; referred to as proto-oncogenes before mutation |
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Term
| proofreading and mismatch repair during DNA synthesis |
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Definition
| the polymerase and other mechanisms in the cell check to see if the proper bases are paired together. The parent strand can be differentiated from the daughter strand by its higher levels of methylation |
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Term
| nucleotide excision repair |
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Definition
| cut-and-patch process; proteins scan the strand for lesions, excision endonucleases nick the backbone of the damaged strand and remove the damaged part. DNA polymerase then fills in the gap and ligase seals it |
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Term
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Definition
| base excision repair is for small, non-helix distorting mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| gel electrophoresis of DNA is run and is then transferred to a membrane to retain separation. The membrane is then probed with many copies of a single stranded DNA sequence that will bind to the desired sequence. The probe is tagged with radioactivity so it can be detected. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cloned gene that alters a germ line by being introduced to fertilized ova or embryonic stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| mice with a gene of interest deleted |
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