Term
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Definition
| transport dietary triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters from intestine to tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| lympathic system vessels that chylomicrons use to get to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrolyzes triacylglycerols to yield fatty acid and glycerol; activated by a decrease in insulin levels and increases in cortisol and epinephrine |
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Term
| very low density lipoprotein |
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Definition
| transport triacylglycerols and fatty acids from liver to tissues; produced in liver |
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Term
| intermediate density lipoprotein |
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Definition
| picks up cholesteryl esters from HDL to become LDL |
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Term
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Definition
| delivers cholesterol into cells |
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Term
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Definition
- picks up cholesterol accumulating in blood vessels
- delivers cholesterol to liver and steroidogenic tissues
- transfers apolipoproteins to other lipoproteins
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Term
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Definition
| the protein component of lipoproteins; aka apolipoproteins, are receptor molecules and are involved in signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| th enzyme that catalyzes the committed step in cholesterol synthesis |
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Term
| lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase |
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Definition
| catalyzes the formation of cholesterol ester for transport with HDL |
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Term
| cholesterol ester transfer protein |
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Definition
| catalyzes the transition of IDL to LDL by transferring cholesteryl esters from HDL |
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Term
| What is the primary end product of fatty acid synthesis? |
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Definition
| Palmitic acid, the only fatty acid humans can synthesize |
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Term
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Definition
| When the body has excess energy there will be a buildup of acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. This will cause slowing of the citric acid cycle at the rate limiting step isocitrate dehydrogenase. Citrate will accumulate, which can diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane. Citrate lyase found in the cytosol splits citrate back into acetyl-CoA (fatty acid synthesis) and oxaloacetate (can return to matrix and continue shuttling |
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Term
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Definition
- activates acetyl-CoA in the ctoplasm for incorporation into fatty acids
- requires biotin and ATP
- actiavted by insulin and citrate
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Term
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Definition
- aka palmitate synthase
- catalyzes subsequent additions of activated acetyl-CoA to a growing fatty acid chain
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Term
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Definition
- fatty acid activation by fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase that catalyzes its attachment to CoA
- carnitine acetyltransferase transfers fatty acid from CoA to carnitine which allows it to be shuttled into the inner membrane where it will be oxidized
- the fatty acid is oxidized and a double bond forms
- hydration of double bond forms a hydroxyl group
- oxidation of the hydroxyl group forms a carbonyl (β-ketoacid)
- the β-ketoacid is split into a shorter acyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA
- NADH and FADH2 are produced and will be oxidized in the electron transport chain producing ATP
- acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle
- these steps repeat until the fatty acyl-CoA is completely broken down
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Term
| How are odd numbered carbon fatty acids oxidized? |
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Definition
| The undergo normal oxidation until the final step where an acetyl-CoA and a propionyl-CoA are produced. Through a few steps the propionyl-CoA is converted to succinyl-CoA which can enter the citric acid cycle |
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Term
| How are unsaturated fatty acids oxidized? |
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Definition
| special enzymes are required to turn the cis double bonds to trans which permits beta-oxidation to proceed |
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Term
| What are the three ketone bodies? What are the two used for energy? |
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Definition
| acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are used for energy and acetone is also produced |
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Term
| What amino acids are glucogenic? |
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Definition
| All but leucine and lysine; they can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| What amino acids are ketogenic? |
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Definition
| Leucine, lysine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, theronine, tryptophan, tyrosine; are converted into acetyl-CoA and ketone bodies |
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