Term
| Compare chaperone and trigger factor |
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Definition
| The trigger factor provides folding assistance to the nascent protein, supporting it in folding correctly. Chaperone is an ATP development mechansim which provides the new protein with a rigid cage to stop incorrect folding. |
|
|
Term
| describe 3 posttranslational steps of insulin. |
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Definition
disulfide bridges form
cleavage signal peptide
protease cleavage of control segment liberates C-peptide and coboxypeptidase produces mature insulin |
|
|
Term
| how many origin and how many replication forks are present in the circular prokaryotic DNA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| is prokaryotic replication mono or bidirectional? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| steps of synthesis of the lagging stand |
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Definition
1. primase synthesizes the RNA primer
2. DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes Okazaki fragments
3. DNA polymerase 1 removes the primer and fills the gaps
4. DNA ligase seals the backbone |
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Term
| What are the functions of DNAP 1 and 2 in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
DNAP1- synthesis, proofreading, repair, removal of RNA primers
DNAP2- also repair enzyme |
|
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Term
| what enzyme inserts the primer? is normal primer DNA or RNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is primer the same as, or complementary to, the coding DNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication: |
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Definition
P- all polymerases are exonucleases
P- only one origin of replication
P- longer okazaki fragments |
|
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Term
| how do viri enter eukaryotes vs prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
Eu- injection
Pro- endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| which of the 5 eukaryotic DNA polymerases catalyses the synthesis of the leading strand? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| releases its RNA into the cell and then uses its own reverse transcriptase to copy it into the DNA and into the host genome. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| polyprotein, processed to the matrix, group antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is reverse transcriptase? |
|
Definition
| performs reverse transcription of RNA into DNA |
|
|
Term
| what has reverse transcriptase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV POL has ____ accuracy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what defect does UV cause? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 1st step of base excision repair |
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Definition
| damaged base is excised from backbone by DNA glycosidase |
|
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Term
| 2nd step of base excision repair |
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Definition
| endonuclease finds empty spot and cleaves backbone |
|
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Term
| 3rd, 4th, 5th steps of base excision repair |
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Definition
3. excision exonuclease removes the AP site along with nearby nucleotides.
4. DNAP1 replaces missing bases
5. DNA ligase connects and re-anneals the backbone. |
|
|
Term
| name 3 cytotoxic mutations |
|
Definition
thymine dimers
bulky adducts
cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers |
|
|
Term
| cockayne's syndrome is... |
|
Definition
| related to tcner, leads to premature aging |
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Term
|
Definition
| corrects lesions that block progress of RNAP2 |
|
|
Term
| name the three DNA srtuctures |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of dna is most common in nature? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does type 1 isomerase do? |
|
Definition
| cut and seal the phosphodiester bond on one DNA strand |
|
|
Term
| what does type 2 topoisomerase do? |
|
Definition
| cut and seal the phosphodiester bond of both DNA strands. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| brings genetic info from dna to protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| help processing of mRNA to its mature form in Eukaryotes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| brings the amino acid to the site of protein biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of ribosomes - site of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is siRNA? (contains antisense RNA) |
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Definition
| SILENCE genes by blocking translation by interaction with the mRNA |
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|
Term
| the RNAP moves from ___ to ____ along the dna template strand? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of DNA coding for a protein. |
|
|
Term
| how many bases code for one amino acid and what's the wobble position? |
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Definition
| 3 bases, the 3rd position is wobble |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the TATA box? |
|
Definition
| the -10 tata box is a helper to orient RNA polymerase. It is a promotor region site for assembly of the pre-initiation complex. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 steps of transcription of DNA to mRNA in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
chain initiation
unwinding
chain elongation
termination |
|
|
Term
| what is the chain initiation step of DNA into RNA in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| The RNA holoenzyme screens the DNA for initiation regions, the sigma factor recognizes the region. |
|
|
Term
| what is the chian elongation step in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
binding nucleotide triphosphates
formation of the phosphodiester bond
sigma factor is released after formation of 4 base pairs
prolongation along the coding strand |
|
|
Term
| name the elements of the eukaryotic promo region |
|
Definition
upstream - enhancers and silencers
tata box - assembly of preinitiation complex
initiator - transcription start site
downstream- regulator |
|
|
Term
| name an inhibitor for eu RNAP2 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which RNAs are synthesized by RNAP 1, 2, and 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factor recognizes the TATA box |
|
Definition
| TFIID TBP, tata box binding protein |
|
|
Term
| describe the maturation of mRNA |
|
Definition
Gppp cap is added
non coding sequence removed
poly-A tail is added
intron are excised , exons are fused
mRNA are ready for transport in to the cytosol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a multsubunit particle that contains several sn RNA and catalyzes splicing together of introns and fusion of exons |
|
|
Term
| what do the sigma and beta subunits of RNAP do? |
|
Definition
beta - makes the phosphodiester bond
sigma - recognition of the promotor region |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of transcription termination? |
|
Definition
| intrinsic & rho dependent |
|
|
Term
| what is intrinsic termination of transcription? |
|
Definition
| has a termination sequence built in. |
|
|
Term
| What is Rho dependent termination or transcription? |
|
Definition
| Rho factor acts as an ATP-dependent unwinding enzyme |
|
|
Term
| what is RNAP1's main function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of RNAP2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of RNAP3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the TATA difference in pro vs eu? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do class 2 enzymes activate amino acids? |
|
Definition
| direct formation of the final amino-acyl tRNA in one step: tRNA 3 prime attacks the carboxyl tail. |
|
|
Term
| how do class 1 enzymes load amino acids? |
|
Definition
1. attack of the 2 prime O on tRNA to the carboxy tail
2. transfer of the ester bond from 2 prime to 3 prime |
|
|
Term
| amino acids move from __ to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is step 1 of initiation of translation? step 2? |
|
Definition
30S subunit binds to shine-dalgano
50s subunit binds, GTP hydrolyzed, several factors released |
|
|
Term
| Can you explain why the DNA contains Thymine instead of Uracil? |
|
Definition
| Cytosine can be deaminated to Uracil. Thymine is a methylated Uracil, so all Uracil that occurs in DNA are caused by this deamination. They are detected by DNA repair enzymes and replaced by Cytosine in Base Excision Repair |
|
|
Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are formed between the base pairs Thymine and Adenine and Guanine and Cytosine? |
|
Definition
Two base pairs between thymine and adenine
Three base pairs between guanine and cytosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains antisense RNA; silences genes by interacting with mRNA thereby blocking translation. |
|
|
Term
| Name the two elements of the promoter region for transcription in Prokaryonts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there is no ________ sequence in eu translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane or secretion-bound proteins are synthesized by .... |
|
Definition
| ribosomes associated with the rough ER |
|
|
Term
| how are sticky ends produced and what is their function? |
|
Definition
| restriction endonuclease cleaves a DNA segment with an inverted repeat, creating sticky ends- places of single-stranded DNA where foreign DNA cleaved with the same endonuclease can bind. |
|
|
Term
| what problems must be overcome to express human genes in bacteria? |
|
Definition
-shine delgano sequence must be added
-introns need to be removed
-chaperones may be needed
-many eukaryotic genes need posttrans modification |
|
|
Term
| difference btwn pro and eu translation: |
|
Definition
pro- 3 initiation factors
eu- 13 |
|
|
Term
| in eu mRNA, AUG must be surrounded by the ______ for initiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the shine-dalgarno sequence exists ____ of AUG in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shine-dalgarno helps initiation by..... |
|
Definition
| aligning the ribosome with the start codon in prokaryotes |
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