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Biochemistry Antibiotics, Toxins, Protein Modifications
KYCOM Block 1
60
Biochemistry
Graduate
08/27/2012

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Cards

Term
what do antibiotics to
Definition
hurt prokaryotes
Term
what do toxins do
Definition
hurt eukaryotes
Term
what does quinlone do
Definition
stop DNA replication
Term
what does ramphanomycin do
Definition
stop transcription
Term
what antibiotics stop translation
Definition
streptomyocin, arythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol
Term
what type of antibiotic is streptomyocin
Definition
aminoglycocide
Term
what type of antibiotic is arythryomicin
Definition
macrolide
Term
what is dyptheria
Definition
a toxin
Term
what does dyptheria do
Definition
inactivate eukaryotic elongation factor 3 (eEF-2) preventing translocation
Term
what is pseudomonas
Definition
a toxin
Term
what does pseudomonas do
Definition
inactivate eukaryotic elongation factor 3 (eEF-2) preventing translocation
Term
what toxins come from different sources but both inactivate eukaryotic elongation factor 3 (eEF-2) preventing translocation
Definition
dyptheria and pseudomonas
Term
what does chloramphenicol do
Definition
interfere with mitochondrial protein synthesis
Term
what is chloramphenicol
Definition
an antibiotic
Term
what happens if you give too much antibiotic
Definition
it can inhibit mitochondrial translation
Term
what happens if you give too little antibiotic
Definition
bugs develop immunity
Term
how is a protein directed to a specific organell
Definition
it has a specific sequences
Term
how does a protein ment to get translated in the RER vs the cytoplasm get to its destination
Definition
proteins destined for the RER begin translation in the cytoplasm but when the special sequence is found they are released and sent to the RER
Term
what receptors signal for a protein to be sent to the RER
Definition
SRP interacts with a SRP receptor and hydrophpbic signal on the protein
Term
what is the fate of the signal sequence that gets a protein to the RER for translation
Definition
it is cleaved off
Term
what is trimming
Definition
cleaving of a signaling sequence off a protein (EX: RER destined proteins)
Term
what are some functions of trimming
Definition
may activate proteins when the reach their final destination so they don't mess up the cell
Term
what is the function of a chaperone
Definition
assist proteins in folding correctly
Term
what is the function of a protoelytic enzyme
Definition
allows proteins to remain inactive until they reach their target destination
Term
what are some examples of proteins that need trimming
Definition
insulin, collagen, anything with a signaling sequence to go to an organell
Term
what are some post translation covalent modifications
Definition
phosphorlyation (kinases), dephosphorlyation (phosphatases), glycosylation, hydroxylation, vitamin k dependent carboxylation, attachment of farnesyl, acetlyation
Term
where do covalent post translational modifications do their work
Definition
on hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine, and occasionally tyrosine
Term
what is the function of covalent post translational modifications
Definition
regulate enzyme activity
Term
what is glycosylation
Definition
addition of sugar residues to proteins
Term
what types of ways can glycosylation occur
Definition
n linking and o linking
Term
what participates in an n link
Definition
amide nigtogen of asparagine participating in glycosylation
Term
what participates in an o link
Definition
serine or threonine hydroxyl participating in glycosylation
Term
what proteins is glycosylation associated with
Definition
membrane proteins, lysosomal proteins, secreted proteins
Term
give an example of hydroxylation
Definition
proline and lysing in collagen, important in cross linking fibers
Term
how does vitamin k modify proteins
Definition
it carboxylates glutamate residues required for blood clotting
Term
what is the purpose of attaching a farnesyl group (lipid) to a protein
Definition
anchor them to membranes
Term
give an example of acetylation
Definition
histones
Term
what is the function of acetylation
Definition
to anchor proteins
Term
describe the synthesis of insulin
Definition
1. initially there is a long precursor protein
2. it is targeted to the RER
3. the signal is removed
4. disulfide bonds are made to join end fragments
5. c-peptide between fragments is cleaved
6. c-peptide and insulin are stored in secretory granules
Term
why can c-peptide be used to measure insulin levels
Definition
it is send into the blood with insulin but lasts 30 min vs 5 min so it is always at a higher concentration
Term
why do we think that c-peptide has no function
Definition
it isnt in artificial insulin and those people are fine
Term
why is c-peptide useful when people are using artificial insulin
Definition
if they go into diabetic shock, you can measure c-peptide to tell if it was because of the medication or their own insulin production
Term
describe the synthesis of collagen
Definition
1. translated in RER
2. hydroxylated
3. glycosylation
4. disulfide bond formation resulting in triple helix
5. ends cleaved off
7. triple helix is cross linked
Term
what disease does a vitamin C deficiency cause
Definition
scurvy
Term
how does vitamin deficiency cause disease
Definition
it is a cofactor for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen
Term
what are the symptoms of scurvy
Definition
bruise easily, loose teeth, bleeding gums, poor bone development, poor wound healing
Term
where does the disulfide bond formation in insulin processing occur
Definition
ER and golgi
Term
where does the clevage of c-peptide in insulin processing occur
Definition
golgi
Term
what does a mutation in the collagen gene causing buliker amino acids to replace glycine cause
Definition
osteogenesis imperfecta
Term
what are the symptoms of type 1 osteogenesis imperfecta
Definition
less erver, suspect of child abuse
Term
what are the symptoms of type 2 osteogenesis imferfecta
Definition
fatal in utero or nenonatal period
Term
what are the symptoms of osteogenesis imperfects
Definition
brittle bones, blue slera of eyes, hearing loss, dental imperfections
Term
what causes ehlers-alantos syndrome
Definition
EDS
multiple mutations in the collagen genes or collagen enzymes (collagen pepsidase)
Term
what are the symptoms of ehlers-alantos syndrome
Definition
hyperextensiable skin, hypermobile joines, easy bleeding or bruising, potentially lethal vascular problems due to collagen in arteries
Term
what causes menkes disease
Definition
mutation in copper transport protein leading to a copper deficiency. lysol oxidase cross links collagen fibrils and needs coper to do it
Term
what are the symptoms of menkens disease
Definition
kinky hair, steely hair color, adrenal rupture, cerebral degeneration (retardation), osteoperosis, anemia
Term
how does the cell know proteins are suposed to go to the lysosome
Definition
there is a a phosphorylation at a specific manos
Term
what is the word that describes the functional role of the lysosome
Definition
protease
Term
what do lysosomes digest
Definition
extracellular proteins and membrane surface proteins, intracellular proteins that are damaged or need turnover, proteins tagged by ubiquitin
Term
what causes i-cell disease
Definition
proteins that are suposed to go to the lysosome are not phosphorylated so they are sent outside the cell and the lysosome cannot digest and they become engourged. the cells that got let out degrade the body
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