Term
|
Definition
The NADH produced in glycolysis must be oxidized to NAD+ because the NAD+ is
essential for glycolysis to proceed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In yeast, aceltaldehyde is reduced to ethanol via the enzyme alcohol
dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The inhibition of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase causes
accumulation of those intermediates from glucose 6-phosphate to glyceraldehydes 3-
phosphate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The citric acid cycle is part of the process respiration, but oxygen is not directly
involved in the reactions of the cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NADH is a small molecule that can freely diffuse through the inner mitochondrial
membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ubiquinol is a water-soluble electron carrier in the electron transport chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Isolated F1 subunits of the ATP synthase catalyze the net production of ATP in the
presence of ADP and Pi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ATPsynthases isolated from different sources often have different numbers of c
subunits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In yeast, under anaerobic conditions, piruvate is converted to lactate and NAD+ is
generated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depending on the cell need for metabolic energy, pyruvate can be used to
produce fatty acids or certain amino acids. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The citric acid cycle take place in specialized organelles called lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the electron-transport chain, complex I transport out of the matrix 4 protons per
each pair of electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One cycle of the citric acid cycle produces 3 molecules of NADH and one
molecule of QH2 (ubiquinol). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NADH inhibits (negatively regulates) the citric acid cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytric acid intermediates are precursors of other molecules. |
|
|
Term
| higher rate of lactate formation |
|
Definition
| In comparison with the resting state, actively contracting muscle tissue shows a: |
|
|
Term
| C-2 (methyl group) of ethanol |
|
Definition
If glucose labeled with 14C in C-1 were fed to yeast carrying out the ethanol
fermentation, where would the 14C label be in the products? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ultimate electron acceptor in the fermentation of glucose to ethanol is: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is NOT required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
to form acetyl-CoA? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All of the oxidative steps of the citric acid cycle are linked to the reduction of NAD+
EXCEPT: |
|
|
Term
| two carboxyl groups derived from oxaloacetate |
|
Definition
The two molecules of CO2 produced in the first turn of the citric acid cycle have their
origin in the: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to: |
|
|
Term
FADH2 + Q FAD + QH2
Eo’ = 0.045 V – (-0.219 V) = 0.264 V
Go’ < 0, therefore it is spontaneous. |
|
Definition
The standard reduction potential for ubiquinone (Q) is 0.045V, and the standard
reduction potential (Eo’) for FAD is -0.219V. Is the oxidation of FADH2 by ubiquinone
spontaneous? Justify. Eo’ = Eo’ (oxidant) – Eo’ (reductant), and Go’ = -n F Eo’ |
|
|
Term
| QH2 + 2 Cyt c (Fe3+) Q + 2 Cytc (Fe2+) + 2 H+ |
|
Definition
Write the net redox reaction for complex III of the electron transport chain (structure
of the compounds are not required, but equation has to be clearly balanced in mass and
charge). |
|
|
Term
10__. Justify
3 NADH 7.5
1 QH2 1.5
1 GTP 1 |
|
Definition
| How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of Acetyl-CoA: |
|
|
Term
34__ Justify.
2 NADH 5
4 ATP 4
2 pyruvate 2 NADH 5
6 NADH 15
2 QH2 3
2 GTP 2 |
|
Definition
| How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many molecules of NADH are oxidized by the electron transport chain when 6
molecules of oxygen (O2) are reduced? |
|
|
Term
a-c
The crosslinking inhibit the rotation of the c/sigma/gamma subunits. |
|
Definition
Indicate two inter-subunit Cys crosslinking of the ATPsynthase that will result in the
inhibition of ATP synthesis. Justify. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose is converted to ____ in yeast under anaerobic conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the net energetic cost of converting two phosphoenol pyruvate to one glucose by gluconeogenesis in ATP equivalents? assuming 3ATP are obtained per NADH |
|
|
Term
| FMN, iron-sulfur clusters |
|
Definition
| Several prosthetic groups act as redox centers in complex I, including |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which of the following enzymes of the citric acid cycle produce a molecule of GTP? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following coenzymes is required by E2 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose is converted to ______ in skeletal muscle under anaerobic conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the net energetic cost of converting two pyruvate to one glucose by gluconeogenesis in ATP equivalents? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following coenzymes is required by E1 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex or catalytic activity? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following enzymes of the citric acid cycle contains an FAD prosthetic
group? |
|
|
Term
| cytochrome c1, cytochrome b, iron-sulfur protein (Rieske). |
|
Definition
| The functional core of Complex III includes: |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen synthesis would slow down, Maintaining proper blood sugar levels would be more difficult. |
|
Definition
| Which of the following could result from having few or no α-1,6 linkages in glycogen? |
|
|
Term
| alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
| Which of the following sets of enzymes catalyze reversible reactions of fermentation and also transfer a hydride ion from NADH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess glucose is stored as muscle or liver glycogen, which can be broken down to supply energy during the event. |
|
|
Term
| to prevent the formation of glucose, to maintain energy supplies in muscle cells, to prevent energy waste by conserving the ATP that would be needed to phosphorylate glucose |
|
Definition
| Water is prevented from entering the active site of glycogen phosphorylase. What is the advantage of excluding water from the active site? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A baby is brought to the doctor by his parents after experiencing irritability and seizures when he sleeps through the night. Tests showed fasting hypoglycemia (low blood glucose concentration), increased serum lipid levels, elevated blood lactate after glucose administration, and elevated uric acid. The child also had an enlarged abdomen. Glycogen levels were increased in hepatocytes. (Assume the glycogen is of normal structure.) The patient has a glycogen storage disease. Which enzyme of glycogen metabolism is affected? |
|
|
Term
| pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA -> acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2 |
|
Definition
| Complete the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identify the steps in the cycle catalyzed by the enzymes listed in the table that are exergonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identify the steps in the cycle catalyzed by the enzymes listed in the table that are endergonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identify the steps in the cycle catalyzed by the enzymes listed in the table that are at equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Citric acid cycle: step 1 AcetylCoA -> citrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Citric acid cycle: step 2 citrate = isocitrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Citric acid cycle: step 3 isocitrate -> alpha ketoglutarate |
|
|
Term
| alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
| Citric acid cycle: step 4 alpha ketoglutarate -> succinyl-CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Citric acid cycle: step 5 succinyl-CoA = succinate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Citric acid cycle: step 6 succinate = fumerate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Citric acid cycle: step 7 fumerate = malate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Citric acid cycle: step 8 malate = oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| NADH, succinyl-CoA, citrate |
|
Definition
| Which of the following molecules inhibit reaction 1? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following molecules inhibits reaction 3? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following molecules or ions activate reaction 3? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following molecules inhibit reaction 4? |
|
|
Term
| carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate, transamination of glutamate, yielding α-ketoglutarate, oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids to yield succinyl-CoA, synthesis of fumarate from aspartate |
|
Definition
| Identify the reactions that may be anaplerotic reactions of the citric acid cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Aconitase catalyzes the dehydration and hydration of citrate, Aconitase has the active iron-sulfur center Fe4S4 |
|
Definition
| Which of the following statements regarding aconitase are correct? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following compounds in the citric acid cycle have high-energy bonds or transfer chemical energy? |
|
|
Term
| –a reductive pathway and an oxidative pathway. |
|
Definition
| The citric acid cycle may have originated from two pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The citric acid cycle may have evolved from two biosynthetic pathways in early life forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early organisms may have lacked the enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Although some organisms do not use the citric acid cycle under anaerobic conditions, they use a reductive pathway similar to the citric acid cycle to generate some larger molecules. |
|
|
Term
| malate synthase, isocitrate lyase |
|
Definition
| Which two enzymes, found in plants and not in animals, make this conversion of fat to carbohydrate possible? |
|
|
Term
| Concentrations in the cell might not be 1 M. |
|
Definition
| Why might the standard reduction potential for a reaction differ from the reduction potential found in a cell? |
|
|
Term
| specifies a hydrogen ion concentration of 10–7 M |
|
Definition
| When considering free energy change, biochemists define a biochemical standard state, ΔG°\', which differs from the chemical standard state, ΔG°. A similar distinction must be made with reduction potentials. (a) In contrast to the chemical reduction potential, ΔE°, the biochemical standard reduction potential, ΔE°\'... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron transfer in the ETC is coupled to proton transfer from the matrix to the intermembrane space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prosthetic groups, such as iron-sulfur centers, are directly involved with electron transfer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrons generated by the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix enter the ETC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron carriers are organized into four complexes of proteins and prosthetic groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reactions of the ETC take place in the inner membrane of mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
| electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone, NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone, succinate-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electron transfer from cytochrome c to O2, cytochrome c oxidase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase, cofactor: TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme: dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, cofactor: lipoate coenzyme A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, cofactor: FAD, NAD+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yields 30 or more ATP. Glucose catabolism includes glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. The total yield of ATP includes ATP, GTP, and reduced cofactors that yield ATP from the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Which of the following processes yields the most ATP? When determining the ATP yield for each process, include ATP derived from reduced cofactors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which compounds donate electrons to the electron transport chain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following is the final electron acceptor? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following are the final products of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
|
Term
| NADH – coenzyme Q – cytochrome b – cytochrome a – O2 |
|
Definition
| Which of the following options shows the correct order that each electron carrier first appears in the electron transport system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrogen ion concentration is higher in the intermembrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrogen ions are actively transported out of the mitochondrial matrix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation relies on the hydrogen ion concentration gradient generated and maintained by the electron transport chain. |
|
|
Term
| into the mitochondrial matrix |
|
Definition
| Which direction is ADP3– transported during times of active oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
|
Term
| the electrochemical gradient (membrane potential) |
|
Definition
| What drives the transport of adenine nucleotides? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the ratio of ADP to ATP transported by the adenine nucleotide translocase? That is, how many ADP are transported for each ATP transported? |
|
|
Term
| H and H2PO4– are transported into the matrix in a process driven by the proton gradient. |
|
Definition
| What drives the transport of H2PO4– across the membrane? Which direction is it transported during oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many H ions are required to be moved across the membrane for the synthesis of 1 ATP? Include both the H ions needed for ATP synthesis itself and for other transport required for ATP synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| There would be an uncoupling of proton translocation and ATP synthesis, ATP synthase would remain sensitive to F0 proton conduction inhibitors. |
|
Definition
| A mutation in human ATPase 6 (which corresponds to E. coli subunit a) from leucine to arginine at position 156 may allow the movement of protons across the membrane, but not the rotation of the ring of c subunits. How might this possible mechanism affect the function of ATP synthase? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme primarily responsible for the production of ATP is _______ |
|
|
Term
| one of the major chemical reactions in living organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of pyruvate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of NADH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of glucose? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many O2 molecules are reduced when 6 molecules of NADH are oxidized
by the electron transport chain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What inter-subunit Cys crosslinking inhibit ATP synthesis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How is the redox potential (ΔE0’) related to the free-energy change of a reaction
(ΔG0’)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Explain why ubiquinol is an effective mobile electron carrier in the electrontransport
chain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oxygen is the most effective oxidizing agent than any other biological molecule.
Compared to other biological molecules, how is the standard redox potential for
oxygen going to be: the lowest or the highest? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many protons are transported out of the matrix for each complex (I, II, and
III) per each pair of electrons? |
|
|
Term
| environment and amino acids |
|
Definition
What determines the redox potential and absorption properties of the different
cytochromes? |
|
|
Term
| NADH + H+ + Q = NAD+ + QH2 |
|
Definition
| Write the net redox reactions for complex I |
|
|
Term
| QH2 + 2Cyt3+ = Q + 2Cyt2+ 2H+ |
|
Definition
| Write the net redox reactions for complex II |
|
|
Term
| 4Cyt2+ + O2 + 4H+ = 4Cyt3+ + 2H2O |
|
Definition
| Write the net redox reactions for complex III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| embedded in inner membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reversible hydration of double bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.pyruvate carboxylase
2.phosphoenylpyruvate carboxykinase
3.fructose biphosphetase
4.glucose 6-phosphetase |
|
Definition
| name, in order, the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis of pyruvate to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| citric acid cycle, or krebs cycle, occurs in the _______ |
|
|
Term
| pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA -(pyruvate dehydrogenase)-> acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2 |
|
Definition
| How does pyruvate get into the citric acid cycle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
linkage of
endergonic and exergonic reactions in F1F0 is called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When the interaction between F1 and F0 is
disrupted so that energy transduction is lost, the
system is said to be uncoupled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how will you feel if you get an A+ on this exam |
|
|
