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Biochemistry 2
Biochem First Aid 2012
16
Medical
Professional
05/28/2013

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Term
Rate step enzyme of Cholesterol synthesis
Definition

HMG-CoA reductase

 

converts HMG-CoA to Mevalonate

Term
3 inhibitors of glycolysis (besides glucagon)
Definition
ATP, citrate, and alanine
Term
affect of glucagon on cAMP and 4 steps after that
Definition
↑glucagon→ cAMP→ ↑PKA→ ↑FBPase-2→ ↓PFK-2→ ↓glycolysis
Term
Give the mnemonic and steps in order of the TCA cycle.
Definition

Citrate Is Kreb's Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate

 

(Pyruvate→Acetyl CoA→)

Citrate

Isocitrate

α-Ketoglutarate

Succinyl CoA

Succinate

Fumarate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

 

Term
4 Electron transport inhibitors and their action
Definition

Rotenone, CN-, antimycin A, and CO

 

directly inhibit electron transport, causing a decreased proton gradient and blocking ATP synthesis

Term
Name an ATPsynthase inhibit and what it does
Definition

Oligomycin

 

Directly inhibits mitochondrial ATPsynthase causing an increased proton gradient. No ATP is produced because electron transport stops.

Term

Name 3 agents that cause uncoupling of the elcetron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

 

and describe how they do this

Definition

2,4-DNP, aspirin, and thermogenin (in brown fat)

 

they increase the permeability of the membrane causing a decreased proton gradient and increased O2 consumption. ATP synthesis stops, but electron transport continues- produces heat.

Term
4 irreversible enzymes of Gluconeogenesis and the mnemonic to remember them
Definition

Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose

 

Pyruvate carboxylase (in mitochondria)

PEP carboxykinase (in cytosol)

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (in cytosol)

Glucose-6-phosphatase (in ER)

Term
Where gluconeogenesis occurs
Definition

Liver mostly, also kidney and intestinal epithelium

 

NOT muscle b/c it doesn't have glucose-6-phosphatase

Term
What kind of FAs can be used for gluconeogenesis?
Definition
Odd chain FAs only (because they yield 1 propionyl-CoA which can enter the TCA cycle as succinyl-CoA)
Term
3 things the HMP shunt (pentose phosphate pathway) produces, and from what
Definition
Produces NADPH (for reduction reactions), ribose (for nucleotide synthesis), and glycolytic intermediates from glucose-6-phosphate
Term
Describe the 2 parts of the Cori cycle
Definition

Lactate from muscle travels to the liver to be converted to pyruvate and then glucose

 

Glucose from the liver travels to muscle to be converted into pyruvate and then lactate

 

Meanwhile, ammonium from muscle is turned in glutamate, then alanine. The alanine is transported to the liver where it is converted back into glutamate and then into urea.

Term
Amino acid needed to make tyrosine→Dopa→Dopamine→NE→Epi
Definition
phenylalanine
Term
Amino acid needed to make Serotonin→Melatonin
Definition
Tryptophan
Term
Amino acid needed to make histamine
Definition
Histidine
Term
Amino acid needed to make Porphyrin→Heme
Definition
Glycine
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