Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that digest DNA by putting nicks or breaks in the phosphodiester bonds. Can attack single strands of DNA or double stranded DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that digest DNA from the ends. Can be specific for double or single stranded DNA. Can operate 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' |
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Term
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Definition
| A special type of nuclease that removes the primer for Okazaki fragments. Digests the RNA strand of a RNA/DNA hybrid in the 5' --> 3' direction. In bacteria it is part of a DNA polymerase. In mammals it is its own separate enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that forms a phosphodiester bond withough adding new nucleotides. |
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Term
| Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein (SSB) |
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Definition
| A protein that binds to single stranded DNA. Protects DNA from nucleases that degrade the phosphodiester bonds. Protects DNA from folding back onto itself. Facilitates action of DNA replication enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that form single stranded regions of DNA. Require ATP. Wrap around DNA and translocate along DNA to strip it apart. Requires a free end of DNA to load onto or an accessory protein . Cannot unwind circular double stranded DNA without another enzyme. Cannot change topology. |
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Definition
| Enzymes that change the linking number of DNA. Act by splicing a strand of DNA in half and then passing the other strand through, then rejoining the first piece. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that carry out the synthesis of DNA. Only work in the 5'->3' direction. They must have a primer, thus cannot perform de novo synthesis. They must also have a template. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that synthesize short RNA primers to be used by DNA polymerase for DNA synthesis. |
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Term
| Sliding Clamp (DNA Clamp) |
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Definition
| Proteins that wrap around the DNA and bind to the DNA polymerase. Increases processivity of the DNA polymerase. This stays tightly wrapped on the leading strand (high processivity). On the lagging strand, it collides with 5'RNA end of the next Okazaki fragment and then breaks apart and detaches from the DNA and releases the DNA polymerase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attaches and removes sliding clamp from the DNA polymerase. Signals to the clamp to remove after bumping into the next Okazaki fragment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that makes a DNA copy of an RNA template. Uses a tRNA molecule from the last host as an initial primer. |
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Definition
| An enzyme that binds to specific origin sites on the DNA to wedge the two DNA strands apart. Allows a helicase to unzip the DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that have a built in RNA template to create long strands of repeating noncoding sequences on the 3' end of the linear chromosomes. |
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Definition
| Enzyme that attaches one end of the strand broken during recombination, searches for a homologous part on the recipient strand, and catalyzes the formation of a D-loop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that facilitate the resolution of a Holliday Junction |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA enzyme in protein synthesis that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that transcribes large rRNAs (18S, 28S, 5.85S) |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that transcribes mRNA in eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that transcribes small RNAs (tRNAs and 5S rRNAs in eukaryotes.) |
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Term
| S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAM) |
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Definition
| Methylates the 45S rRNA precursor transcribed by RNA Polymerase I to form a 41S precursor which is then cleaved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that adds a CCA segment to the 3'OH of tRNA precursor to form mature tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that cleaves a large transcript to produce tRNA in prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intercalates (slips between DNA base pairs) and prevents DNA from functioning as a template for replication or transcription. Very toxic in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to bacterial RNA polymerase and prevents initiation of RNA synthesis. Used as an antibiotic. Eukaryotic cells are not affected. It can also inhibit synthesis of mitochondrial RNA, but the concentration required is higher than that required to kill bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to bacterial RNA polymerase and prevents elongation of RNA chains that are in the process of being transcribed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from poisonous mushrooms, inhibits eukaryotic RNA polymerases, especially RNA II. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of amino acids to tRNA. Each amino acid has a different enzyme. This enzyme catalyzes both of the steps required in activating a tRNA. It can attach an amino acid to the 2'OH or 3'OH |
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Term
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Definition
| To initiate protein synthesis in eukaryotes, binds Met-tRNA and GTP. Carries these two to the 5' end of mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Factor that binds to a charged tRNA and GTP molecule in eukaryotes. Carries the amino acid to the A site of tRNA |
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Definition
| Factor that is involved in translocation during protein synthesis |
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Definition
| Binds to 16S rRNA in 30S ribosomal subunits, blocks formation of functional initiation complexes, and causes misreading of mRNA (bactericidal) |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to 30S ribosomal subunits and prevents binding of aminoacyl tRNA at the A site. (bacteriostatic) |
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Term
| Chloramphenicol and Lincomycin |
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Definition
| Bind to 23S rRNA in 50S ribosomal subunits in the peptidyl transferase site. They prevent the aminoacyl group in the A site from approaching the peptidyl ester group in the P site, thereby blocking formation of the peptide bond. (bacteriostatic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to 23S rRNA in the 50S ribosomal subunit, near the binding site for chloramphenicol. This does not inhibit peptide bond formation but rather inhibits translocation. (bacteriostatic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibiotic used in research. Resembles 3' end of an aminoacylated tRNA. This can add to a growing polypeptide on a ribosome, but subsequent amino acids cannot be added to it; hence it terminates the synthesis of a polypeptide into which it is incorporated, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in research. Inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Blocks translocation |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleaves the signal off of a polypeptide chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attaches sugars to the end of a protein one at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that recognizes a polyubiquitinated protein and cleaves it into small peptides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accessory proteins that help RNA polymerase bind with high specificity to promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sites that RNA polymerase binds to at which transcription begins |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sites at or near the promoter that bind repressors |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sites at or near the promoter that bind activators |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of genes that is transcribed to give a polycistronic mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA that encodes several proteins (contains many start and stop codons) |
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Definition
| Bind to operator sequences and decrease the rate of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind to activator site and increase rate of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind to repressor and inhibits it from binding to operator |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to repressor and allows it to bind to operator |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind to activators and allow them to bind to activator site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which transcription begins but it is terminated before the first coding sequences of the operon |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibition of protein synthesis of enzymes involved in the catabolism of carbon source other than the preferred one (ex: glucose > lactose) |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of the DNA that are associated with methylated Cytosines and decreased transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| A splice site that is not normally used but is unmasked when a mutation removes the normal splice site from an mRNA |
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Term
| siRNA (short interfering RNA) |
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Definition
| Short (21-26 nucleotide) RNA molecules derived from double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that has been processed by a dicer. This molecule perfectly basepairs with a target mRNA and results in cleavage of that mRNA by a RISC complex |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA that is derived from transcripts that form stem loop structures. Form incomplete Watson-Crick base pairing with a target mRNA and causes the translation of this mRNA to be inhibited. Can rarely form perfect base pairing with mRNA and then will degrade that mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that cuts double stranded DNA at specific locations (if the sequence is not methylated) every time that sequence is encountered. Produces "sticky" or "blunt" ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural domain in ALL activators and repressors. Binds to DNA polymerase or corepressor/coactivator |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural domain in ALL transcriptional activators and repressors. Binds to the DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural domain in some transcriptional activators or repressors. Protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural domain of some transcriptional activators and repressors. Recognizes regulatory molecules such as steroids or hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that cleaves double stranded RNA (dsRNA) into siRNA along with an ATP molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex that binds a single strand of siRNA or miRNA, and is also activated by an ATP. The complex then searches for complementary DNA basepairs to the RNA template, and cleaves at that point. |
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Term
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Definition
| When certain genes from only one chromosome (maternal or paternal) are expressed due to methylation on the opposite chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| In excision repair (base excision repair), cleaves the bond between a damaged base and the deoxyribose sugar. There are 8 different kinds of these enzymes, one for each type of DNA damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that can recruit excision repair during RNA transcription in eukaryotes when a lesion is discovered. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme responsible for direct repair of DNA in prokaryotes. Uses light to cleave pyrimidine dimers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Premature aging disease. Autosomal recessive trait. The responsible gene is RECQL2 which is a predicated helicase involved in NHEJ. High frequency of balanced translocations. |
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