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Biochem
Chapter 8, first test
29
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/17/2007

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Term
From the equations, what is ?
Km
Definition
Km = Michaelis constant - shows dissociation
Term
From the equations, what is ?
[S]
Definition
[S] = Substrate concentration
Term
From the equations, what is ?
[P]
Definition
[P] = Product concentration
Term
From the equations, what is ?
[ES]
Definition
[ES] = Enzyme-substrate concentration
Term
From the equations, what is ?
Vmax

What 2 things mutliplied give = Vmax?
Definition
Vmax = Rate of reaction when enzymes are fully saturated with substrate

Vmax = (E)(k2)
Term
From the equations, what is ?
V0
Definition
V0 = The rate of formation of product

(big equation in Michaelis-Mentis model)
Term
What is the Michaelis-Mentis Equation?
Definition
V0=Vmax([S]/([S] + Km))
Term
When is the Km = [S]
Definition
Km = [S] at 1/2 the Vmax
Term
What defines the slope in the double reciprocal or lineweaver-burk plot ?
Definition
Km/Vmax
Term
From the equations, what is ?
Kcat
Definition
Kcat (or K2, same thing) is the 'turnover number' the number of molecules of substrate converted into product in an active site when fully saturated
Term
Explain Sequential Reactions
Definition
Sequential reactions begin with subtrates A&B and an Enzyme. A&B attach to the enzyme to form a ternary complex, and then are released as modified products C&D. E is unchanged.
Term
Explain Double Displacement (pingpong) reactions
Definition
Double displacement reactions involve substrate A adding to the enzyme, and being released as product B, BUT the enzyme is slightly modified. The slightly modified enzyme can then bind to another substrate (C), and release it as product D before becoming the original enzyme again.
Term
What are the terms that characterize/define:

Double displacement reactions
Sequential reaction
Definition
Double displacement reaction - The Substituted Enzyme Intermediate

Sequential - The Ternary complex
Term
What effect does a noncompetitive inhibitor have on the Vmax, and Km
Definition
Noncompetitive inhibitors don't change the Km, and decrease the Vmax
Term
What effect does a competitive inhibitor have on the Vmax, and Km
Definition
A competitve inhibitor increases the Km, and doesn't affect the Vmax
Term
Irriversible inhibitors:
How do group-specific reagents work?
Definition
Group specific reagents react with specific amino acids
Term
Irriversible inhibitors:
How do affinity labels (reactive substrate analogs) work?
Definition
They are molecules that are similar to the substrate for the enzyme and that covalently bind to the active-site residues. They modify the enzyme such that it is irriversibly inhibited.
Term
Irriversible inhibitors:
How do suicide inhibitors (or mechanism-based inhibitors) work?
Definition
The molecule binds to the substrate and generates a CHEMICALLY reactive intermediate (becomes oxidized/reduced) that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification.
Term
Irriversible inhibitors:
How do suicide inhibitors (or mechanism-based inhibitors) work?
Definition
The molecule binds to the substrate and generates a CHEMICALLY reactive intermediate (becomes oxidized/reduced) that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification.
Term
Irriversible inhibitors:
How do transition state analogs work ?
Definition
Compounds resembling the transition state of a catalyzed reaction effectively inhibits enzymes
Term
Allosteric Enzymes -
Do they obey Michaelis-Menten model ?
Do they involve a greater # of units ?
What kind of plot do they display ?
What kind of binding pattern do they undergo ?
Are they reversible or irriversible?
Definition
Allosteric Enzymes-
They DO NOT obey the Michaelis-Menten model
They involve a greater # of subunits (quaternary), and thus more active sites
They display sigmoidal plots
They follow a co-operative binding pattern
Typically reversible
Term
Allosteric Enzymes-
Explain the sequential model.
Definition
The enzyme starts in TT form. The sequential model fills one active site with substrate switching it to RT form, and then the second one attaches as well switcing it to RR form.
Term
Allosteric Enzymes-
Explain the concerted model.
Definition
The enzyme starts in TT form. The concerted model fills one active site with substrate switching the enzyme to R form (high affinity)
Term
Allosteric Enzymes -
What do Inhibitors and activators do?
Definition
Allosteric Enzymes-

Inhibitors change the enzyme from R state to T State

Activators change the enzyme from T state to R state

T state is low affinity
R state is high affinity
Term
How does Penicillin work ?
Definition
Penicillin destroys the cell wall of the microorganism by deactivating the enzyme that is required to crosslink the cell walls.
Term
What kind of inhibitor is Penicillin ?
What is the enzyme that it attaches to?
Definition
Penicillin is a suicide inhibitor.
The enzyme it attaches to is transpeptidase.
Term
Name 4 water soluble Vitamins
Definition
Vitamin B5 - Pantothenate
Vitamin C - Ascorbic Acid
Vitamin B3 - Viacin
Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine
Term
Name 4 lipid soluble Vitamins
Definition
Vitamin K1
Vitamin A - Retinol
Vitamin E - alpha Tocopherol
Vitamin D2 - Calciferol
Term
Name the consequence of deficiency of the following:
Vitamin K1
Vitamin A - Retinol
Vitamin E - alpha Tocopherol
Vitamin D2 - Calciferol
Definition
Deficiency of, causes:
Vitamin K1
*blood clotting problems
Vitamin A - Retinol
*lacking vision
Vitamin E - alpha Tocopherol
*becomes deactive in lipid membranes
Vitamin D2 - Calciferol
*no calcium Regulation
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