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| A pentose sugar, C5H10O5, occurring as a component of riboflavin, nucleotides, and nucleic acids. |
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| A complex of nucleic acids and proteins, primarily histones, in the cell nucleus that stains readily with basic dyes and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division. |
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| To form base pairs between complementary regions of (two strands of DNA that were not originally paired) |
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| A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that determines the insertion of a specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis or the signal to stop protein synthesis |
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| Any of various compounds consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA |
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| a pentose sugar obtained by the hydrolysis of DNA. Formula: C5H10O4 |
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| Of or relating to the specific pairing of the purines and pyrimidines between strands of a DNA or an RNA molecule |
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| A minute round particle composed of RNA and protein that is found in the cytoplasm of living cells and serves as the site of assembly for polypeptides encoded by messenger RNA |
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| Any of the repeating subunits of chromatin, consisting of a DNA chain coiled around a core of histones |
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| Any of various compounds consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA |
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| Any of various compounds consisting of a sugar, usually ribose or deoxyribose, and a purine or pyrimidine base, especially a compound obtained by hydrolysis of a nucleic acid, such as adenosine or guanine |
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| sequence of adenine nucleotides at the 3' end of mRNA |
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| A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in transfer RNA that binds to a corresponding codon in messenger RNA and designates a specific amino acid during protein synthesis |
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| Any of several small, basic proteins most commonly found in association with the DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotes |
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| parallel but oppositely directed |
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| The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA |
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| is the strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guide to build complementary mRNA. This is the reverse complement of the coding strand |
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| is the DNA strand which has the same base sequence as the RNA transcript produced (although with thymine replaced by uracil) |
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| a promoter is a regulatory region of DNA located upstream (towards the 5' region) of a gene, providing a control point for regulated gene transcription |
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| is an RNA molecule that has not yet undergone any modification after its synthesis. After splicing the transcript forms messenger RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, or ribozymes |
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| Relative to the position on the strand, upstream is the region towards the 5' end of the strand. |
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| Relative to the position on the strand, downstream is the region towards the 3' end of the strand. |
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| A molecule with an unpaired electron. Because they have a free electron, such molecules are highly reactive |
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| Species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. At low levels, these species may function in cell signalling processes. At higher levels, these species may damage cellular macromolecules (such as DNA and RNA) and participate in apoptosis |
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| small % of total molecules dissociate |
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| dissociate and release their hydrogen ions (protons) |
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| mixture of an undissociated acid and its conjugate base (the form of an acid that has lost its proton); resist changes in pH |
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| 2 things determine effictivness of buffer |
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Definition
| its pKa relative to pH and and its concentration of solution |
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| sodium is pumped in or out of cell? |
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| potassium is pumped out or into cell? |
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| potassium, inorganic phosphate |
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| tendency of an acid to dissociate and donate a H ion to solution |
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| a structurally compact portion of a protein molecule |
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| relatively small arrangements of 2nd structure that are recognized in many different proteins |
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| relatively large patterns of 3-d structure that have been recognized in many proteins; have characteristic activity |
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| unit structure composed of non identical subunits (quaternary stucture) |
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| multisubunit protein composed of identical subunits |
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| 8 alpha helix; higher affinity than hemoglobin; hyperbolic curve |
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| nonprotein ligands bound tightly |
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| protein bound to prosthetic group |
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| protein not bound to prosthetic group |
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| Any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as biochemical catalysts |
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| The part of an enzyme at which catalysis of the substrate occurs |
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| A nonproteinaceous organic substance that usually contains a vitamin or mineral and combines with a specific protein, the apoenzyme, to form an active enzyme system |
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| is a substance that needs to be present in addition to an enzyme for a certain reaction to take place. |
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| enters blood and exerts its actions on specific target cells |
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| performed on nearby cells (acetylcholine) |
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| acts on the cell that secreted it |
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| An enzyme which introduces or removes overwinding or underwinding of the DNA circular duplex by causing a nick, rotating the strands, and then ligating them |
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| a complex made up of lots nuclesomes (histone complexes) |
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| motor proteins that move directionally along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone, separating two annealed nucleic acid strands (i.e. DNA, RNA, or RNA-DNA hybrid) using energy derived from nucleotide hydrolysis |
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| how long DNA polymerase will work before it falls off |
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| making mistakes during replication |
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| apurinic or apyrimidine site (lack base in DNA chain) |
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| a substance (as an enterotoxin) that acts as an antigen capable of stimulating much larger numbers of T cells than an ordinary antigen |
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