Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biochem
Carbohydrate Metabolism
27
Biology
Graduate
10/06/2008

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Gibbs Free energy:

Definition?

Equation?

Definition

Def: predict spontaneity of rxn

Eq: ΔG=ΔG°' + Rtln(product/reactants)

R=gas const.

t=temp

 

Term
Standard conditions for ΔG°'
Definition

temp= 25 C, (298 K)

pH 7

substrate and product concentrations= 1M 

Term
What occurs when at equilibrium?
Definition

G=0

A=B

No net work can be accomplished

Term

How can you overcome +ΔG?

Definition
  • Increase [substrate]
  • Decrease [product]
  • Couple with more negative rxn like ATP hydrolysis
Term
General reduction potentials (E°') of NADH and FADH2
Definition
Large and negative, they are strong reducing agents
Term
What does ETC Complex 1 do?
Definition

Accepts e- from NADH

\

Term

What does ETC Complex II do?

Definition
Accepts e- from FADH2 and Complex 1
Term
What does ETC Complex III do?
Definition
Transfer 3 e- to complex IV
Term
What does ETC Complex IV do?
Definition
Reduces oxygen to form water
Term

What are e- moved out of the cell?

Definition
The energy is used to pump H+ out of the cell
Term

What does Coenzyme Q do?

 

Definition
plays a role in pumping protons from mitochondria
Term
What are the 2 parts of ATP synthase?
Definition

Fo= rotating C peptides which form channel for reentry of H+, also has A and B subunits ( the rotation of C proteins move the γ subunit which moves α,β of F1

F1= 3 dimers of α,β subunits, where ADP+Pi=ATP (the release from the dimer requires energy from H+ movement)

Term
What lines the proton channel?
Definition

Gamma carboxyl groups of glutamic acid.

They bind the proton and release it because the inner space is more basic.

Term
The concentration of what molecule controls the Activity of ATP synthase?
Definition

ADP

increase=synthesis increases (occurs during exercise)

O2 is usually not a limiting factor, except in very very active muscle

 

Term
Generally, what happens when ETC is inhibited at any spot?
Definition

There is a reduction of components prior to inhibited pt

and oxidation of those after

Term
What does rotenone do and can it be overcome?
Definition
It is an insecticide which inhibits at Complex I, can be overcome by adding succinate, which makes FADH2 and enters at Complex 2.
Term

What does antimycin do and can it be overcome?

Definition

It is an antibiotic, which inhibits Complex III, blocks the flow of e- which enter ETC at site I (NADH) or site II (FADH2). All compoents downstream would be oxidized.

Can be overcome by adding ascorbic acid (Vit C); which will reduce cytochrome C (will only last until acid is gone)

Term

What do Cyanide, Azide, and Carbon Monoxide have in common?

Definition

They bind to Cytochrome C and prevent the flow of e- and oxygen consumption, all upstream are reduced.

Cyanide can be revered by converting hemoglobin to methemogolbin which has high affinity for cyanide.

Term

What does Oligomycin do?

 

Definition

It inhibits ATP synthesis by binding to proton channel. The block in O2 consumption can be overcome by dinitrophenol (DNP), which will dissapate the H+ gradient, but ATP synthesis will still not occur with oligomycin present.

DNP=lipid soluble

Term
[image]
Definition
Triose
Term
[image]
Definition
Tetrose
Term
[image]
Definition

Pentose

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Hexose

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Ketose-Aldose

(Glucose)-(Fructose)

Term
[image]
Definition

Entantiomers-

mirror images

Term
[image]
Definition

Diastereomiers- they are stereoisomers, but not enantiomers

Glucose and Galactose are epimers (one carbon is different)

Supporting users have an ad free experience!