Term
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Definition
| The invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane & reflects the respiratory activity of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The compartment between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Because of the porosity of the outer membrane, the intermembrane space is equivalent to the cytosol in its small-molecule composition. |
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Term
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Definition
The gel-like solution of enzymes, substrates, cofactors, and ions in the interior of the mitochondrion.
The matrix also contains the mitochondrial genetic machinery—DNA, RNA, and ribosomes—that generates several (but by no means all) mitochondrial proteins. |
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Term
| The inner membrane is permeable to what? |
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Definition
It is freely permeable only to GAS O2, CO2, and H2O and contains, in addition to respiratory chain proteins, numerous transport proteins that control the passage of metabolites such as ATP, ADP, pyruvate, Ca2+, and phosphate.
Contain transport Proteins for transportation of metabolites!! Active processes. |
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Term
| The outer mitochondrial membrane permeable to what? |
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Definition
| Like bacterial outer membranes, the outer mitochondrial membrane contains porins, proteins that permit the free diffusion of molecules of up to 10 kD |
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Term
| mitochondrion is singular or plural? |
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Definition
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Term
| mitochondria is singular or plural? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytochrome- What did he say was special about it? |
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Definition
| A redox-active protein that carries electrons via a prosthetic Fe-containing heme group. IRON- Critical part of there identity- We see something like a heme organization structure! |
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Term
| What happens in Complex I? |
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Definition
| transfers two electrons from NADH to CoQ while translocating four protons to the intermembrane space. |
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Term
| What happens in Complex II? |
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Definition
| transfers electrons from succinate through FAD to CoQ. |
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Term
| What happens in Complex III? |
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Definition
| transfers two electrons from CoQH2 to two molecules of cytochrome c. The concomitant operation of the Q cycle translocates four protons to the intermembrane space. |
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Term
| What happens in Complex IV? |
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Definition
| reduces O2 to 2 H2O using four electrons donated by four cytochrome c and four protons from the matrix. Two protons are translocated to the intermembrane space for every two electrons that reduce oxygen. |
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Term
| Where does Oxidative phosphorylation take place? What does oxidative mean? |
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Definition
| Oxidative means Oxygen. Oxidation events go on in the mitochondiran . |
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Term
Where is oxygen?
Code this= If something is aerated what does that mean? He said remember what aerated means! |
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Definition
In the Air.
It means it have oxygen in it. |
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Term
| What processes does the mitochondrion involve? |
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Definition
| Aerobic processes, because it has oxygen in it. |
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Term
| The inner mitochondrial membrane contains what? |
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Definition
| proteins mediating electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are bound in the inner mitochondrial membrane, so the respiration rate varies with membrane surface area. |
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Term
| Cristae Microcompartments special feature? |
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Definition
| Evidently, cristae form microcompartments that restrict the diffusion of substrates and ions between the intercristal and intermembrane spaces. This has important functional implications because it would result in a locally greater pH gradient across cristal membranes than across inner membranes that are not part of cristae, thereby significantly influencing the rate of oxidative phosphorylation (Section 18-3). |
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Term
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Definition
| The concentrated solution of enzymes, small molecules, and ions in the interior of a chloroplast; the site of carbohydrate synthesis. |
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Term
| The _____ membrane encloses the stroma, a concentrated solution of ______, including those required for ______ synthesis. The stroma also contains the ___,____, and ribosomes involved in the synthesis of several chloroplast proteins. |
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Definition
| The inner membrane encloses the stroma, a concentrated solution of enzymes, including those required for carbohydrate synthesis. The stroma also contains the DNA, RNA, and ribosomes involved in the synthesis of several chloroplast proteins. |
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Term
Describe the Thylakoid.
What takes place there? |
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Definition
| The innermost compartment in chloroplasts, which is formed by invaginations of the chloroplast's inner membrane. The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organelles are also known as ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Electron Transport System takes place where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| LDL-Bad cholesterol HDL-good |
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Term
Thylakoid is to _____ while
Stroma is to _____ |
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Definition
Thylakoid is to light reactions while
Stroma is to dark |
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Term
Biosynthesis to
Bioenergetics- to |
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Definition
Biosynthesis to ER/Lipid synthesis
Bioenergetics- to electron movement |
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Term
What links Biosynthesis &
Bioenergetics together? |
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Definition
| What goes in and what goes out: Basically Cofactors! In biosynthesis is to specific intermediates and bioenergetics to cofactors, in biosythesis cofactors are still used! SO basically cofactors is what links them together! |
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Term
| Draw lanosterol & Cholesterol! Or simply describe their differences! |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the six cofactors? |
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Definition
NADH------FADH2
NADPH-----O2
ATP------H20 |
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Term
| What goes into the mitochondrion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What about NADH that is important? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is going through the mitochondrion? |
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Definition
| Electrons! Where are they coming from?-"NADH" |
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Term
| NADH will end up as what in mitochondrion? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons are at the beginning of ETS? |
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Definition
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Term
| The two electrons at the beginning of ETS are being passed through what complex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's special about Complex 5? |
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Definition
| "Even though it's a complex it has really dissociated itself from the ETS in the normal sense"-Dr. Nes Description |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does Complex I go to? |
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Definition
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Term
| As the electrons from NADH are being switched to CoQ what is happening? |
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Definition
| Protons are now being generated! More specifically transloacting 4 protons to the intermembrane space. "Generate protons in a specifc direction, now is this direction the same as in the chloroplast?-NO it's effectively opposite" |
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Term
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Definition
"There is no complex II" Just because he puts it on the test, it doesn't mean it's operating. "The reason is the system is 1,3,4. 2 is the separate guy overhere that has a special identity".
It transfers electtrons from succinate through FAD to CoQ |
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Term
| Where does complex II go to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Leave Complex II so back to Complex __ then back to __ then to Complex ___. |
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Definition
| Leave Complex II so back to Complex I then back CoQ then to Complex III. |
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Term
| What happens to Complex III? |
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Definition
| Transfer two electrons total----Where do these elctrons then go? They go to Cytochrome C. |
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Term
| Where do we see something like a heme organization structure?* |
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Definition
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Term
| How does one identify functionally the way a cytochrome operates? |
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Definition
| UV spectrum-"Colormetrically". Look and see how these molecules undergo change in there spectrum to discover how they are passing in the light electrons along the way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfers four protons in the intermembrane space. |
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Term
| What happens in complex IV? |
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Definition
Reduces o2 to water! Where did it getits electrons- from cytochrome c
Also, 2 protons are transloacted to the intermembrane space for EVERY 2 electrons that reduce oxygen! |
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Term
Key thing with mitochondrion ETS- Follow electrons-
Substrate- donor-acceptor- where are electrons being utilized? |
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Definition
| SO write out the pathway! |
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Term
| What goes on in complex 5? |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP synthase's other name and description? |
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Definition
FoF1
A multisubunit protein consisting of a proton-translocating membrane-embedded component (F0) linked to a soluble catalytic component (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis in the presence of a protonmotive force. |
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Term
| ATP synthase's other name and description? |
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Definition
FoF1
A multisubunit protein consisting of a proton-translocating membrane-embedded component (F0) linked to a soluble catalytic component (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis in the presence of a protonmotive force. |
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Term
| ATP synthase (aka Complex 5) makes what? |
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Definition
| ATP- via what hypothesis? |
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Term
| chemiosmotic theory? Mitchells hypothesis! |
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Definition
| chemiosmotic theory, protons translocated into the intermembrane space during electron transport through Complexes I, III, and IV establish an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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Term
| When ATP comes out it's Complex 5?! |
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Definition
| That's what he said in the review! |
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Term
| Equation for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
CO2+H2O>CH20+02
[image][image]
[image][image] |
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Term
| What enzyme brings us CO2? |
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Definition
| RuBP carboxylase (RuBisCO) |
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Term
| RuBP carboxylase (RuBisCO)is a critical enzyme because? |
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Definition
| that's the idea of photo-respiration. It can make us sugar. With oxygen you get another route than when it beinds to CO2. "this is the key idea about RuBisCO" |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Bicarbonate is critical because it's involved with two different things! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What goes into photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Photon-"Unit of Life" and electrons |
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Term
| How do we get a photon to electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What comes out of photosynthesis for the "first part"? |
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Definition
| The first part is collectively NADPH, O2, and ATP. How does this differ from ETS of mitochrondion? We get water in ETS, here we O2. |
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Term
| What is the second part of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| "GAP" that is our 3 carbon. This ultimately has to become what? A six carbon glucose, which is our standard sugar! |
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Term
| What part of the chloroplast that gives rise to sugar specifically? |
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Definition
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Term
| Test Question: Thalakoids to ____as ______ is to light reactions |
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Definition
| Test Question: Thalakoids to dark as stroma is to light reactions |
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Term
| How do we get from photon to NADPH? |
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Definition
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Term
| PSII and PSI have to deal with what just like in the case of Mitochondrion? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do we have to know about ETS in the thylakoid? |
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Definition
PSI and PS II
1. They operate in the electronic sense |
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Term
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Definition
| A Z-shaped diagram indicating the sequence of events and their reduction potentials in the two-center photosynthetic electron-transport system of plants and cyanobacteria. |
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Term
| What does Nes say about the Z scheme? |
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Definition
1. They are at different places.
The key idea is the reduction potential!
When you look at a Z scheme this has to do with the electron potential of the electrons: there reducing potential. Has to do with how they flow low to high-The significance is the flow of electrons according to there lectron potential which is flow from high to low or low to high |
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Term
What goes on funtionally in PS II?
What is being found in these complexes?
What's in PS II?
He said these all together. |
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Definition
| What's in PS II P68, Oxygen Evolving Center. |
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Term
| What's special about the Oxygen Evolving Center? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What else is important in PS II? |
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Definition
1.Antenna start coming into play.
Antenna chlorophyll
A chlorophyll group that absorbs light energy and passes it on to a photosynthetic reaction center by exciton transfer.
2.These antenna chlorophylls pass the energy of absorbed photons (units of light) from molecule to molecule until it reaches a photosynthetic reaction center.
The phtosynthetic units are being captured and electrons are being bounced in chlorphylls |
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Term
| Photosynthetic reaction center |
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Definition
| The pigment-containing protein complex that undergoes photooxidation during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
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Term
| Way electrons move around has to do with what? |
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Definition
| Pigments- Beta carotone these are critical in electrons go from PS II to PS I |
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Term
| How do distinguish chlorphyll a, b, beta carotene? |
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Definition
| By there absorption Spectra UV spectrum! Better now this. That there are coloriaztion-Red, green, blue |
|
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Term
| chlorophyll a and b are found where? |
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Definition
| They are major forms of chlorophyll in plants and cyanobacteria. |
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Term
| bacteriochlorophyll a and b are found where? |
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Definition
| In photosynthetic bacteria |
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Term
| Draw B-carotene Structure |
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Definition
[image][image][image][image][image] β-carotene,
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Term
chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b)
bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) and bacteriochlorophyll b (BChl b)
Draw or be able to distinguid them!
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Definition
|
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Term
| red phycoerythrobilin and the blue phycocyanobilin |
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Definition
[image]red phycoerythrobilin and the blue phycocyanobilin (their spectra are shown in Fig. 19-3).
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Term
| Chlorophyll molecules have 1,2,3, & 4 is the ____. |
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Definition
| The 4 one is phytyl- Has to do with Isopreniod side cahin that allows them to anchor in the membrane |
|
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Term
| red phycoerythrobilin and the blue phycocyanobilin located where? |
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Definition
In Water-dwelling photosynthetic organisms.
In red algae and cyanobacteria, Chl a therefore is replaced as an antenna pigment by a set of linear tetrapyrroles, notably the red phycoerythrobilin and the blue phycocyanobilin |
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Term
| What's important about PS I? |
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Definition
1. It's ultimatly giving us our NADPH
2."Important to realize again that we can go from P700 to B700 star because we're getting it excitied" "Measure this by reducing potential z-scheme" |
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Term
| What's going on PSI that was going on in the mitchodrion? |
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Definition
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Term
| In PSI the gradient is set up and this allows what to happen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Now have ATP reaction so we go where? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What's the start compound of dark reactions? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| GAP can go different pathways |
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Definition
| make Fructose then back to glucose |
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Term
| Describe what dark reactions use ___ and ___ from the light reaction to power the sythesis of ___ from ___. Describe the first phase of the calvin cycle and what it ultimately yields. |
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Definition
| The dark reactions use the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions to power the synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2. In the first phase of the Calvin cycle, CO2 reacts with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) to ultimately yield glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP). The remaining reactions of the cycle regenerate the RuBP acceptor of CO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rubisco- basis of photorespiration was unexpected: O2 competes with CO2 as a substrate for RuBP carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase is therefore also called RuBP carboxylase–oxygenase or RuBisCO). |
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Term
| Bicarbonate is involved with what? |
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Definition
It's a C1 unit-
1. Involved with the C4 pathway in phtotsynethesis
2.So it can make carbon in phtosynethesis not by fixing CO2, but using bicarbonate (HCO3^-)to make oxaloacetate acid (C4)
What is the other C1 unint??-Have to find |
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Term
| C5 is the basic C5 unit!! Got to know this |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C10
Examples of monoterpenes are: geraniol, limonene and terpineol. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
C30H48
Squalene is then processed biosynthetically to generate either lanosterol or cycloartenol, the structural precursors to all the steroids.
Sterols |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| C2 Have to know how it's made in fatty acid biosynthesis. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| As we talked about fatty acid synthesis which one is the activated isoprene? |
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Definition
Activated pyrophosphate
malvonic acid is not activated. |
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Term
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Definition
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