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Biochem Unit 2
Factoids
29
Medical
Graduate
11/10/2010

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Term
Metabolic acidosis
Definition
An acid metabolite overloads the buffering capacity of the serum resulting in decreased bicarbonate levels. CO2 levels increase as a result which may lead to hyperventilation (Kussmaul breathing). Examples include diabetes, lactic acidosis, loss of bicarbonate through diarrhea, etc
Term
Normal pH of blood
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
symptoms of Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Definition
gait/balance disorders, abnormal
eye movement, confusion
Term
hypoglycemic
Definition
•low production of ATP
•Decreased production of neurotransmitters from metabolic intermediates
•Edema in the brain
•Deregulation of intracellular calcium levels
•Necrosis and apoptosis→tissue damage
Term
hyperglycemic
Definition
•Drop in pH can lead to tissue damage
•Toxic metabolite accumulation
•Increased oxidative stress
•Increased glucocorticoid production
•Vascular damage
•Necrosis and apoptosis→tissue damage
Term
how many molecules of ATP produced by one molecule of FADH2?
Definition
2 molecules of ATP
Term
how many molecules of ATP produced by one molecule of NADH?
Definition
3 molecules of ATP
Term
•Every molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the TCA cycle produces ***
Definition
3 NADH and 1 FADH2
Term
***is generated from reactions involving the oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes
Definition
NADH
Term
***is generated from reactions in which the hydrogen atoms are donated in two consecutive events; example: double bond formation
Definition
FADH2
Term
the chemiosmotic model
Definition
the concept by which electron transport and the proton gradient derived from electron transport is used in the formation of ATP
Term
the increased concentration of protons within the inner membrane space creates a charge differential across the inner mitochondrial membrane that can be used by the *** to generate ATP
Definition
ATP synthase
Term
Complex II:
Definition
(Succinate dehydrogenase) is a TCA enzyme that also participates in electron transport
Term
A *** is a measure of a compound’s ability to donate electrons. The more *** the value, the more willing the compound is to donate electrons
Definition
standard reduction potential (E0’), negative
Term
(in cytosol, thru glycolysis) 1 glucose=
Definition
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
Term
(in mitochondrion: thru pyruvate dehydrogenase and krebs cycle) 2 pyruvate=
Definition
2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH
Term
(in mitochondrion: thru pyruvate dehydrogenase and krebs cycle) 2 acetyle CoA=
Definition
6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GDP
Term
net result in mitochondrion=
Definition
8 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GTP
Term
Total ATP generated per molecule of glucose:
Definition
10 NADH and 2 FADH2
(10 NADH X 3 ATP/NADH) + (2 FADH2 X 2 ATP/NADH) = 34
=34 + 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) + 2 GTP = 38
Term
A low *** stimulates the ATP synthase to make more ATP. This requires increased levels of *** in the inner membrane space and thus increased flow of electrons through the electron transport chain. To meet these demands, the *** must generate more NADH/FADH2 through the oxidation of fuels
Definition
ATP/ADP ratio, protons, TCA cycle
Term
The heat production in the absence of ATP generation is termed ***
Definition
nonshivering thermogenesis
Term
Thermogenin
Definition
***, which is found in brown fat, is classified as an “uncoupler” because it allows protons to flow from the intermembrane space back into the matrix of the mitochondria independently of ATP synthesis
Term
The symptoms associated with dietary deficiencies of iron are due to:
Definition
(1) decreased oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin and (2) inadequate flow of electrons through the electron transport chain
Term
Complex I inhibition (of electron transport chain):
Definition
amobarbital (barbiturate), rotenone (insecticide), piericidin A (antibiotic)
Term
Complex III inhibition (of electron transport chain)
Definition
antimycin A (antibiotic)
Term
Complex IV inhibition (of electron transport chain):
Definition
cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide
Term
ATP synthase inhibiton (at electron transport chain):
Definition
oligomycin (antibiotic)
Term
13 of the 120 proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation are encoded by ***
Definition
mtDNA
Term
Tissues that have the highest ATP demand (skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, liver, kidney, CNS) are impacted the most by defects in ***
Definition
oxidative phosphorylation
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