Term
| What are the four fat soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
O
H-C-O-C-R-CH3
| O
H-C-O-C-R-CH3
| O
H-C-O-C-R-CH3 |
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Term
| Draw a condensed structure of palmitic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw a condensed structure of stearic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the notation for oleic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the notation for linoleic acid? |
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Definition
18:2 w-6
*essential
can be made into many other omega 6 fatty acids (ie, gamma linolenic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid) |
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Term
| What is the notation for gamma linolenic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
Which carbon in a fatty acid is Carbon 1?
Which end is the omega end? |
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Definition
The carboxyl carbon is carbon 1
The methyl end is the omega end |
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Term
| What is the notation for dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the notation for arachidonic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the notation for alpha linolenic acid? |
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Definition
18:3 w-3
*essential
can be made into other omega 3's
EPA- Eicosapentaenoic Acid
DHA- Docosahexaenoic Acid |
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Term
| The prefix dihomo- indicates what? |
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Definition
| That it is 2 carbons longer |
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Term
| What is the notation for eicosapentaenoic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the notation for docosahexaenoic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two saturated acids do we need to know? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the monounsaturated acid we need to know? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the omega-6 FAs we need to know? |
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Definition
| linoleic acid, gamma linolenic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What AA can carnitine be made from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs can 1 acetyl coA make? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs is an FAD2H worth? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs is each NADH worth? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs does activating a fatty acid cost? |
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Definition
2 ATPs
Beta Oxidation Net Rxn:
--> |
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Term
| Formula for calculating ATP yield from a FA, and net ATP yield. |
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Definition
Divide the number of C’s by 2 and multiply by 10
Subtract one from ½ number of C’s and multiply by 2.5 for NADH and 1.5 for FAD2H
Net Yield = ATP Yield - 2 ATPs |
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Term
| Objective 9f: AMP-PK stands for, is activated by, and function |
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Definition
Adenosine Mono Phosphate-Protein Kinase
activated by
AMP
Phosphorylates acetyl CoA carboxylase, inactivating it |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What AA provides the sulfur for CoA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the seven enzymes that are responsive to insulin |
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Definition
Glucokinase
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Fatty acid synthase
Citrate lyase
Malic enzyme
Glucose 6-P dehydrogenase (first enzyme in pentose-P pathway)
Liver pyruvate kinase (PEP to pyruvate) |
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Term
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Definition
| TAGs, glycolipids, FAs, Cholesterol + other steroids, fat soluble vitamins A D E K, CoQ |
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Term
| Why is cholesterol a special lipid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four locations TAGs are found |
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Definition
| Adipoctyes, chylomicrons, VLDL, lipoproteins |
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Term
| What three functions do TAGs have? |
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Definition
| Energy, Provides insulation thermally and mechanically |
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Term
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Definition
Bind to proteins; broken down by lipases
Albumin carries FAs |
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Term
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Definition
VLDL from place to place
Chylomicrons from food through lymph to blood |
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Term
| What role does PKA have in adipocytes? |
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Definition
| Phosphorylate/activate Hormone sensitive lipase |
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Term
| What does synthetase imply? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
FA + CoA + 2ATP → fattyacylCoA + 2 ADP + 2Pi
Really breaks down ATP to AMP and PPi but additional rxns make it net. |
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Term
| Desaturase Elongase Spiral (6 molecules 5 rxns) |
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Definition
18:3 ω-3
↓ Δ6 desaturase
18:4 ω-3
↓ elongase
20:4 ω-3
↓ Δ5 desaturase
20:5 ω-3
↓ elongase
22:5 ω-3
↓ Δ4 desaturase
22:6 ω-3 |
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Term
| FA degradation (B-oxidation) vs Synthesis |
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Definition
Fatty Acid Degradation
(β-oxidation) Fatty Acid Synthesis
mitochondrial matrix||| cytosol
CoA||| CoA and ACP
some dehydrogenases||| acetyl CoA carboxylase
(and a couple more)||| synth:fatty acid synthase
no malonyl CoA ||| malonyl CoA
FAD and NAD+ are ||| NADPH is the
the oxidizing agents||| reducing agent |
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Term
|
Definition
β-oxidation||| fatty acid synthesis
saturated||| saturated
↓oxidation||| ↑reduction
α,β-unsaturated ||| α,β-unsaturated
↓add H2O ||| ↑lose H2O
β-hydroxy||| β-hydroxy
↓oxidation||| ↑reduction
β-keto||| β-keto
↓lose C1 & C2||| ↑add C1 & C2
saturated||| saturated |
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Term
| Summarize ways that appearance of citrates in the cytosol promotes fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
inhibits PFK-1 and causes the pentose-P pathway to increase due to equilibrium shifts that increase F 6-P, then G 6-P and so on
also speeds up acetyl CoA to malonyl coA |
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Term
| Describe the mechanism by which malonyl CoA prevents the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in a cell |
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Definition
| It inhibits Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I (aka, CPT I, or as Littleton says “CAT I”) |
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Term
| Malonyl CoA level should be ___ in the fasting state, and ___ in the fed state |
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Definition
| Malonyl CoA level should be low in the fasting state, and high in the fed state |
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Term
| Describe the mechanism by which insulin signals inhibit beta-oxidation in liver cells |
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Definition
| Insulin indirectly activates acetyl CoA carboxylase which turns acetyl coA to malonyl CoA which inhibits the CAT I enzyme which is a part of the overall B-ox rxn |
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Term
Draw acetone
how/why is it in the body? |
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Definition
m
C=O
m
made non-enzymatically and irreversibly from acetoacetate (equilibrial breakdown) |
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Term
Name the two ketone bodies that are useful
what does β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase do? |
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Definition
B-hydroxybutyrate
Acetoacetate
β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase interconverts acetoacetone and β-hydroxybutyrate |
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Term
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Definition
| D-B-Hydroxybutyrate is converted to Acetoacetate (or it already is aa) which is then switched with succinate in succinyl coA via succinyl coA transferase --> making acetoacetyl coA which is then made into two acetyl coA molecules <-THIOLASE-> |
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Term
| Events that promote hepatic ketogenesis (10) |
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Definition
a decrease in the insulin level in the blood
and an increase in the glucagon level in the blood
↓
an increase in the supply of fatty acids from adipose
↓
an increase in beta oxidation of fatty acids in liver cells
↓
an increase in NADH and acetyl CoA in mitochondria of liver cells
the high NADH (high NADH/NAD+ ratio)
↓
oxaloacetate becomes unavailable for reaction with acetyl CoA
the high acetyl CoA and unavailability of oxaloacetate
↓
increased use of the acetyl CoA to make ketone bodies
Also: mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase is induced in fasting |
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Term
| Can liver cells use ketone bodies? |
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Definition
| Liver cells can’t use ketone bodies Because liver cells don’t have acetoacetate coA transferase, liver cells don’t have the gene for it and do not create it |
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Term
| Main rate controller of TAG synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe where fatty acids are mainly synthesized in humans, and the major source of carbons for building the fatty acids |
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Definition
| The liver, glucose is the major source |
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Term
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Definition
| used by FA synthase as a reducing agent, and won’t use NADH |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces NADP+ to NADPH, releasing CO2, and turns malate to pyruvate |
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Term
| What two sources of NADPH? |
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Definition
Malic Enzyme rxn
First rxn of pentose phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| Donates acetyl groups to FA's |
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Term
| acetyl coA carboxylase rxn (3) |
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Definition
Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA
ATP to ADP + PPi
Co2 in
BIOTIN cofactor
Mg2+ cofactor |
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Term
| Citrate lyase vs citrate synthase |
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Definition
| Reverse of citrate synthase but costs an ATP |
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Term
| Liver Glycerol 3-P production vs Adipocyte G3P production |
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Definition
Liver can phosphorylate glycerol --glycerol kinase--> G3P and:
Adipocytes can only use glucose to make DHAP and <--Trios Phosphate Isomerase--> G3P (uses NADH to NAD+)
liver cells do both |
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Term
| Give the sequence of reactions that form a triacylglycerol from glycerol 3-phosphate and “activated” fatty acids |
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Definition
| G3P -two FAcoA-> Posphatidic acid (2 FAs on glycerol with a phosphate) --> DAG --> TAG --> adipose stores or VLDL |
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Term
| coA carboxylase regulation (4) |
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Definition
insulin (activates phosphotase) and citrate
glucagon (PKA phosphorylates/deactivates), palmitoyl CoA inhibits |
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Term
| ACP has what vitamin in it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Practice drawing figure 33.20 on p. 618 (liver picture) |
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Definition
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Term
| How do FAs get into mitochondrial matrix? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| FA (most likely palmitate) + CoA --ATP to AMP + PPi--> FAcoA |
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Term
| Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CAT I) rxn |
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Definition
replaces coA with carnitine in FAcoA inbetween outer and inner mitochondrial membranes
FAcoA --> Fatty acyl carnitine |
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Term
| Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II (CAT II) rxn |
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Definition
Reverses CAT I rxn
FAcarnitine to FAcoA in mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
| Acylcarnitine translocase function |
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Definition
Carnitine out of matrix into inter membrane space
FAcarnitine out of inter membrane space into matrix |
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Term
| Process of Ketone Production (3 rxns 4 potential rxns two potential end products) |
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Definition
2 acetylCoA <--Thiolase--> Acetoacetyl CoA (coA gets thrown away) --HMG coA synthase--> 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) --HMG CoA Lyase--> Acetyl CoA (thrown away) and Acetoacetate
POSSIBLE REVERSIBLE: Acetoacetate <--D-B-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase NADH to NAD+--> D-B-hydroxybutyrate
Possible Irreversible: Acetoacetate --spontaneous--> Co2 + acetone (waste) |
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Term
|
Definition
acyl coA dehydrogenase
enoyl CoA hydratase
B-hydroxy acyl coA dehydrogenase
B-keto thiolase |
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