Term
| why are neurotransmitters kept in vesicles? |
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Definition
| cuz they're water soluble |
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Term
acetylcholine synthesis
esterase property? |
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Definition
Acetyl-CoA & Choline attached by choline-acetyl transferase
high E-bond CoA is cut & promote rxn
acetylcholineesterase has a Serine residue in it's active site
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Term
nicotinic receptor
function / type of receptor?
where found? |
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Definition
ligand-gated sodium channel
found in neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia & brain |
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Term
muscarinic receptor
type / function?
where found? |
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Definition
G-protein linked receptor forming IP3 or lowering cAMP
found in parasympathetically innervated tissues, sweat glands, brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| blocks nicotinic receptors in neuromuscular junction |
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Term
| atropine / scopolamine action? |
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Definition
| block muscarinic receptors |
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Term
organophosphates action?
mechanism? |
|
Definition
inhibit acetylcholinesterase irreversibly
react w/ serine residue in it's active site |
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Term
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Definition
made from aromatic amino acids by decarboxylation
positive charge @ neutral pH (from remaining amino grp after decarboxylation)
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Term
tyrosine precursor to what?
3 examples |
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Definition
catacholamines
like dopamine, nor epinephrine & epinephrine |
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Term
tryptophan precursor to?
example |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| catecholamine synthesis cascade |
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Definition
L-tyrosine - tyrosine hydroxylase -> L-DOPA - dopa decarboxylase (B6) -> Dopamine - Cu, ascorbate (hydroxylation) -> Norepinephrine - SAM (methylation) -> Epinephrine
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Term
| Inactivation of catecholamines |
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Definition
taken back up into nerve terminal by Na cotransporter
enzymatic activity
1. MAO (monoamine oxidase) deamination
2. COMT (catchol-O-methyltransferase) methylation |
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Term
indolamines
2 examples
synthesis cascade of 5-HT & then melatonin |
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Definition
5-HT & Seratonin
L-tryptophan - tryptophan hydroxylase -> 5-hydroxytryptophan - B6 (decarboxylase) -> 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) - Acetyl-Coa (acetylation) - SAM (methylation) -> Melatonin |
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Term
| degradation product of dopamine |
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Definition
homovanillic acid
excreted in urine |
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Term
|
Definition
vaillylmandelic acid
excreted in urine |
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Term
degradation product of 5-HT
|
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Definition
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
excreted in urine |
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Term
MAO-A specific for?
MAO-B specific for?
what's degraded by both?
what by neither?
affect of inhibiting MAO?
side effect? |
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Definition
A for 5-HT
B for dopamine
norepinephrine by both
histamine by neither
inhibit - antidepressant
side effect - hypertensive crisis after exposure to foods w/ tyramin (cheese, red wine) |
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Term
parkinson's disease
cause
signs
Rx? |
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Definition
caused is multifactorial, unknown
signs - rigor, tremor, akinesia
Rx - L-DOPA & caribdopa (prevent L-DOPA degradation)
MOA-B inhibitor
anticholinergics |
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Term
| tricyclic antidepressant function? |
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Definition
| inhibit high-affinity uptake of norepinephrine / 5-HT |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit re-uptake of dopamine & norepi & 5-HT |
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Term
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Definition
| release dopamine, 5-HT, norepi from nerve terminals |
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Term
peptide neurotransmitters
derived from? where made?
t/p how, where?
what happens during t/p? |
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Definition
derived from proteins synthesized in perikaryon (cytosol of soma)
t/p via vesicles to nerve terminal via fast axoplasmic t/p
formed fr precursor protein by proteases during t/p |
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Term
| peptide neurotransmitter examples |
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Definition
endorphins
TRH
cholecystokinin
substance P |
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Term
Amino Acid neurotransmitter
enzymes needed?
accumulate where?
describe uptake from synaptic cleft
3 examples (inhib/excite?) |
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Definition
used extensively in brain and CNS
no biosynthetic/inactivating enzymes needed
accumulation in synaptic vesicles
high-affinity uptake fr synaptic cleft
Glutamate, aspartate (excite)
glycine (inhib) |
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Term
biosynth & degradation of GABA
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Definition
Glutamate (2 carboxy grps) - glutamate decarboxylase (B6) -> GABA
breakdown
GABA - GABA transaminase (B6), (α-ketoglutarate to glutamate) -> succinic semialdehyde |
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Term
| effect of enhanced GABA in brain |
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Definition
sedative,
hypnotic,
anxiolytic,
anticonvulsant
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate GABA-A receptor |
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Term
benzodiazepines
function
example of one |
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Definition
sensitize GABA-A receptor
like valium |
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