Term
| what is the most abundent organic molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the functions of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| calories, energy source via glycogen, membrane compooents that mediate communication, structural components |
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Term
| what types of structural membrane components do carbohydrates make |
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Definition
| bacteria cell wall, exoskeleton of insects, fibrous cellulose of plants |
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Term
| what is the basic structural unit of a carb |
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Definition
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Term
| how are monosacchardies named / classified. give examples |
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Definition
| by number of carbons (triose, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses |
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Term
| what functional groups can a carb have (how does this also change the name of the molecule) |
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Definition
| aldehyde (aldoses), ketone (ketoses) |
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Term
| what are the names of the polymeres of carbs, how many monomoeres do they specify |
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Definition
| disaccharide 2, oligosaccharide 3-10, polysaccharide > 10 |
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Term
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Definition
| same formula, different structure |
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Term
| what is an example of an isomere |
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Definition
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Term
| when numbering carbons on a carb, what do you begin with |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of monosaccharides are usually cyclic |
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Definition
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Term
| what interaction causes cyclic carbs |
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Definition
| aledhyde or keytone reacts with -OH of same sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 membered ring with 5 C and 1 O |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 membered right with 4 C and 1 O |
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Term
| when a carb is cyclic what does this do to the structure |
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Definition
| causes there to be an anomeric C (isomere) that is in alpha or beta form |
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Term
| how is the anomeric carbon on a carb physiologically relivent |
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Definition
| enzymes only react with one of the anomeric conformations |
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Term
| what bond joins monosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the different types of glycidic bonds |
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Definition
| alpha and beta (depending on isomere of the sugar) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe the structure of glycogen |
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Definition
| many glucose alpha linked and branched |
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Term
| where does starch come from |
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Definition
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Term
| where does glycogen come from |
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Definition
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Term
| where does cellulose come from |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the structure of starch |
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Definition
| glucose alpha linked and branched |
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Term
| describe the structure of cellulose |
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Definition
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Term
| how are glycocidic bonds named |
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Definition
| according to connected carbons: C1 to beta-galactose = B1-4 glycocidic bond |
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Term
| what are complex carbohydrates |
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Definition
| carbs attached to non-carb structures |
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Term
| gives some examples of complex carbohydrates |
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Definition
| purines and pyrimidines, aromatic rings in steriods, glycoproteins, glycolipids |
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Term
| what is the bond called when a sugar is attached to a non carb with the NH2 group |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the bond called when a sugar is attached to a non carb with the -OH group |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the process of digestion of carbs |
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Definition
1. mouth: salivary amalyase breaks a1-4 of starch and glycogen
2. low stomach pH inactivates salivary amalyase
3. SI: pancreatic amalyase, similar to salivary amalyase
4. luminal side of brush border membrane intestinal cells secrete different enzymes
4. monosaccharidestaken up by transporter |
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Term
| what enzymes does the lumenal side of the brush border membrane intestinal mucosa cells release |
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Definition
| sucrase isomaltase complex, maltase, lactase |
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Term
| what does the sucrase portion of the sucrase isomaltase complex do |
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Definition
| digests sucrose into glucose and fructose |
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Term
| what does the isomaltase portion of the sucrase isomaltase complex do |
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Definition
| cleaves maltose into 2 glucose. cleaves a1-6 bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaves maltose and maltotriose a1-4 bonds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the large intestines when there is abnormal digestion of carbs |
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Definition
| disaccharides end up in LI causing osmotic pressure leading to diarrhea. bacteria in the LI ferment carbs into CO2, H2, and methane. they also make 1-3 C compounds increasing osmotic imbalance leading to diarrhea |
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Term
| what conditions can cause abnormal digestion of carbs |
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Definition
| inflammatory bowel disease (chron's disease), malnutrition, drugs (chemotherapeutics), dietary intolerances |
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Term
| what is defficient in a lactose intolerance, how do you treat it |
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Definition
| lactase. avoid milk, suppliment with Ca |
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Term
| what mutation causes a lactose intolerance |
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Definition
| none! the people with the intolerance are normal |
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Term
| when someone has a sucrase-isomaltase complex deficiency, what is the result |
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Definition
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Term
| how do you treat a sucrose intolerance |
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Definition
| avoid sucrose, take replacement enzymes |
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Term
| how can you diagnose dietary intolerances |
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Definition
| oral tolerance test, takes a H+ breath measurement. H+ is proportional to sugar metabolized |
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