Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biochem Intro to Carbs
KYCOM Block 3
45
Biology
Graduate
10/16/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what is the most abundent organic molecule
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
what are the functions of carbohydrates
Definition
calories, energy source via glycogen, membrane compooents that mediate communication, structural components
Term
what types of structural membrane components do carbohydrates make
Definition
bacteria cell wall, exoskeleton of insects, fibrous cellulose of plants
Term
what is the basic structural unit of a carb
Definition
monosaccharide
Term
how are monosacchardies named / classified. give examples
Definition
by number of carbons (triose, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses
Term
what functional groups can a carb have (how does this also change the name of the molecule)
Definition
aldehyde (aldoses), ketone (ketoses)
Term
what are the names of the polymeres of carbs, how many monomoeres do they specify
Definition
disaccharide 2, oligosaccharide 3-10, polysaccharide > 10
Term
what is an isomere
Definition
same formula, different structure
Term
what is an example of an isomere
Definition
glycose vs fructose
Term
when numbering carbons on a carb, what do you begin with
Definition
aldehyde
Term
what type of monosaccharides are usually cyclic
Definition
ones with >5 carbons
Term
what interaction causes cyclic carbs
Definition
aledhyde or keytone reacts with -OH of same sugar
Term
what is a pyarnose
Definition
6 membered ring with 5 C and 1 O
Term
what is a furanos
Definition
5 membered right with 4 C and 1 O
Term
when a carb is cyclic what does this do to the structure
Definition
causes there to be an anomeric C (isomere) that is in alpha or beta form
Term
how is the anomeric carbon on a carb physiologically relivent
Definition
enzymes only react with one of the anomeric conformations
Term
what bond joins monosaccharides
Definition
glycocidic
Term
what are the different types of glycidic bonds
Definition
alpha and beta (depending on isomere of the sugar)
Term
what makes lactose
Definition
glycose and galactose
Term
what makes sucrose
Definition
fructose and glucose
Term
what makes maltose
Definition
many glucose
Term
describe the structure of glycogen
Definition
many glucose alpha linked and branched
Term
where does starch come from
Definition
plants
Term
where does glycogen come from
Definition
animals
Term
where does cellulose come from
Definition
plants
Term
describe the structure of starch
Definition
glucose alpha linked and branched
Term
describe the structure of cellulose
Definition
many glucose beta linked
Term
how are glycocidic bonds named
Definition
according to connected carbons: C1 to beta-galactose = B1-4 glycocidic bond
Term
what are complex carbohydrates
Definition
carbs attached to non-carb structures
Term
gives some examples of complex carbohydrates
Definition
purines and pyrimidines, aromatic rings in steriods, glycoproteins, glycolipids
Term
what is the bond called when a sugar is attached to a non carb with the NH2 group
Definition
N-glycocidic link
Term
what is the bond called when a sugar is attached to a non carb with the -OH group
Definition
O-glycocidic link
Term
explain the process of digestion of carbs
Definition
1. mouth: salivary amalyase breaks a1-4 of starch and glycogen
2. low stomach pH inactivates salivary amalyase
3. SI: pancreatic amalyase, similar to salivary amalyase
4. luminal side of brush border membrane intestinal cells secrete different enzymes
4. monosaccharidestaken up by transporter
Term
what enzymes does the lumenal side of the brush border membrane intestinal mucosa cells release
Definition
sucrase isomaltase complex, maltase, lactase
Term
what does the sucrase portion of the sucrase isomaltase complex do
Definition
digests sucrose into glucose and fructose
Term
what does the isomaltase portion of the sucrase isomaltase complex do
Definition
cleaves maltose into 2 glucose. cleaves a1-6 bonds
Term
what does maltase to
Definition
cleaves maltose and maltotriose a1-4 bonds
Term
what does lactose do
Definition
cleaves lactose
Term
what happens in the large intestines when there is abnormal digestion of carbs
Definition
disaccharides end up in LI causing osmotic pressure leading to diarrhea. bacteria in the LI ferment carbs into CO2, H2, and methane. they also make 1-3 C compounds increasing osmotic imbalance leading to diarrhea
Term
what conditions can cause abnormal digestion of carbs
Definition
inflammatory bowel disease (chron's disease), malnutrition, drugs (chemotherapeutics), dietary intolerances
Term
what is defficient in a lactose intolerance, how do you treat it
Definition
lactase. avoid milk, suppliment with Ca
Term
what mutation causes a lactose intolerance
Definition
none! the people with the intolerance are normal
Term
when someone has a sucrase-isomaltase complex deficiency, what is the result
Definition
sucrose intolerance
Term
how do you treat a sucrose intolerance
Definition
avoid sucrose, take replacement enzymes
Term
how can you diagnose dietary intolerances
Definition
oral tolerance test, takes a H+ breath measurement. H+ is proportional to sugar metabolized
Supporting users have an ad free experience!