Thiamin

• Beriberi polished rice
• low = wernicke
• drunk

Riboflavin

• FAD/FMN
• angular chailitis
• glositis

Niacin

• made from tryptophan
• 2-4mg treat hyperlipidemia
• pellagra
• Drunk

Pyridoxin

• NAD
• AA transamination
• sideroblastic anemia
• make Heme

• Hematopoietic vitamin
• ingested: hydroxy-cobalamine
• OTC: cyano-cobalamine
• body stores
• megaloblastic anemia
• pernicious anemia (can't get B12)
• homocystein back to methianine

• CoA

• bacteria 1/2
• carboxylation
• E-
• Avadin from eggs causes deficiency

• hematopoietic vitamin
• one-carbon shutteling in metabolism
• microcytic anemia
• megaloblastic anemia
• homocysteine back to methionini

• builds collagen
• raise Fe absorption in SI
• scurvey/anemia/hemorhage

• mad of β carotine
• 11-cis retinal binds opsin
• antioxident
• xeropthalmia
• anemia
• retinoic acid: transcription

• made in kidney and liver
• Ca binding proteins in SI mucosa
• synergistic with parathyroid to degrade bone

• tocopherol
• vegetable oils
• antioxident in cell membrane
• fragile RBC
• treat cer hyperlipidemia

• bacteria 1/2
• antibiotic = low
• clotting

• recomended during pregnancy
• transferin
• ferropoietin receptor on cell
• hepcedin keeps in cell
• DMT1: non heme iron

• high PH low serum Ca
• primary hyperthyroidism: too much Ca
• albumin
• calcitonin: bone/kidney/liver maintain Ca
• cinacalcet: release less PTH, CaSR more sensative to Ca
• resperatory alkalosis: more Ca bind to albunin

• ATP bind to enzyme
• second most abundent in bone
• too little: muscle spasm
• high: antacid/laxatives

• shellfish/beef
• growth, wound healing, taste, transcription
• loss due to chelating
• high zink: low copper
• metalothionine binds Zn
• phytic acid: fiber binds zink, less absorb

• high ZInk, low Cu
• erythropoesis, platelet, cardia, lipid metab
• high Cu= wilson's
• ceruloplasmin
• cytochrome C oxidase
• coagulation factor V
• albumin
• metalothionine

• selenocysteine
• detox peroxides
• add to proteins cotranslational
• glutathione peroxidase

• low C and protein
• months-years
• low mortality
• cachetic: emaciated
• low TSF/MAC

• low protein/stress
• fragile hair/edema
• poor wound healing
• high mortality

• most C from carbs
• saturated fats <7%
• protein 15%
• cholesterol <300
• LDL <100            HDL >40-60
• total cholesterol <200
• folic acid 0.4mg/day

normal: 18.5-24.9

overweight: 25-29.9

obese: >30

weist: women >35 men >40

lactic acidosis

hyperuricemia

hypoglycemia

fatty liver

uses cytochrom P450 (2E1)

effective in alcoholics

NADH dehydrogenase

aconetase

phenylalanine hydroxylase

ribonucleotide reductase

receptor-mediated uptake (HPC-1)

Heme oxygenase HO-> Fe²⁺

Fe²⁺ stored (ferratin) or

delivered to transferrin via ferroportin

reduction of dietary Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺

Divalent Metal Ion Transport (DMT1)

stored: ferritin

delivered: via ferroportin/ hephaestin

Hepcidin for:

anemia

inflamation

iron overload in tissue

Anemia: want Fe in blood, hepcidin ↓, Fe moved out of storage, more absorbed in diet

Inflamation: hepcidin ↑ to encourage storage

Iron storage overload: up regulated hepcidin, but hepcidin doesnt go up the way it should

Fe test

sensitive:

unsensitive:

Sensative: bone marrow, serum ferratin, % saturation

unsensative: hemoglobin,

how does metallothionain change when

high Zn intake

low Zn intake

high intake: metallothionain synthesis more, less Zn into portal circulation

low intake: less synthesis, more Zn into portal circulation

men: <2 drinks a day

women: <1 drink a day

pallor

fatigue

nerve damage

pica for adults and baby

too much iron

(hemochromatosis)

liver carcinoma

cirrhosis

Heart Failure

daibetes

arthritis

less total Ca

low albumin doesnt show signs of low Ca

low Cu

High Cu

low: premature babies, babies fed cow milk, high dose Zn suppliments, menke's dissease (X linked)

High: wilson's dissease (chelation therapy to treat)

Obesity

BMI

weist

BMI: (kg)/(m)²

weist: 35 inches for women, 40 for men

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Adequate intake (AI)

Tolerable Upper Intake Lvl (UL)

Daily Reference value (DRV)

Reference Daily Intake (RDI)

Basic Metabolic Needs: to sustain rest (60%)

Food Intake effect: Metabolizing food (10%)

Physical Activity: 30%

how many Calories are provided per g of

Carbs

Proteins

Fats

Alcohol

Cards: 4

Proteins: 4

Fats: 9

Alcohol: 7

Although Carbohydrates are not essential

what effect would occur from a low carb diet?

Water Soluble Fibers

Water Insoluble Fibers

Soluble: delay stomach emptying & chyme transfer, decreases absorption of fat & cholesterol by binding to bile acids, feeling of fullness, lowers postprandial (after meal) blood glucose.

Insoluble: accelerate transit on chyme in stomach, increase flushing, increase loss of cholesterol

where is protein dynamic equilibrium turnover

high?

low?

high: intestine, liver, pancreas,kidney,plasma

low: muscle and brain tissue

Nitrogen Balance

+

-

every 6.25g protein consumed, 1g of N excreted.

N intake/N excreted

+: growing

-: stress/bad protein intake

to act as a vehicle for fat soluble vitamins

supply essential fatty acids.

Linolenic Acid: Omega 3

Linoleic, arachidonic: Omega 6

Fats (lets hear it for fat chicks)

Polyunsaturated

Fish Oil

Polyunsaturated fats: omega 6  from vegetables, lowers plasma, and LDL

Fish Oil: omega 3.

antiarrhythemia (high slope & saturation of effect),

lowers HR&BP (low slope & saturation of effect) triglyceride lowering  (linear dose to effect)

Antithrombosis (very low slope exponential dose to effect)

Processed: Antioxidants added to ↑ shelf life. + BHA/BHT/Vitamins C&E

Hydrogenated: to change food texture, lowers polyunsaturated fat content, unhealthy

Trans Fatty Acids: Cis= natural, trans= unnatural (think transgenders).  produced during hydrogenation.  trans more stable, but raise LDL, lower HDL (as bad as saturated)

Good Fat

Bad Fat

(some chubby chicks are cute, others... not so much)

Good:

monounsaturated (↓LDL, ↓HDL)

polyunsaturated O-6(↓LDL, ↓HDL)

polyunsaturated O-3 little effect on LDL/HDL.  ↓ chance of sudden cardiac death 

Bad:

saturated (↑LDL)

trans fats (↑LDL, ↓HDL)

fats, since the body can't store much proteins or carbs.

(fats are denser than muscle, because muscles also store water)

Albunin

both are polyunsaturated

recommended 2:1.  most Americans 25:1