Term
| what does glycolysis produce if you have oxygen and mitochondroa |
|
Definition
| makes intermediates for other pathways, ATP, pyuvate |
|
|
Term
| what does glycolysis produce if you dont have oxygen or mitochondria |
|
Definition
| intermediates for other pathways, ATP, lactate |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways to transport glycose into a cell |
|
Definition
| Na independent facilitated diffusion, Na monosaccharide cotransporter |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in sodium independent facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
| high glucose out of the cell and low in makes a gradient glucose 1-14 transporters span mambrane and change conformation when glucose binds transporting it across the membrane |
|
|
Term
| where are glut 1 and 3 transporters located |
|
Definition
| in most tissues, especially brain (1) and neurons (3) |
|
|
Term
| what do glue 1 and 3 transporters function in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are glut 2 transporters located |
|
Definition
| liver, pancreatic beta cells |
|
|
Term
| what do glut 2 transporters function in, what conditions do they need |
|
Definition
| uptake and release, glucose sensors, low affinity, need lots of glucose to work |
|
|
Term
| where are glut 4 transporters located |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle and adipose |
|
|
Term
| what do glut 4 transporters function in, what conditions do they need |
|
Definition
| stimulated by glucose uptake and exercise. insulin sensitive. come to surface when insulin is present |
|
|
Term
| how does sodium monosaccharide cotransport work |
|
Definition
| uses energy to transport glucose against its gradient by cotransporting it with sodium down sodium's gradient |
|
|
Term
| where does sodium monosaccharide cotransport happen |
|
Definition
| epithelial cells of intestine, renal tubules, choroid plexus, sodium dependent glucose transporter |
|
|
Term
| what does sodium monosaccharide cotransport do in epithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does sodium monosaccharide cotransport do in renal tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wha does sodium monosaccharide cotransport do in the choroid plexus |
|
Definition
| allows glucose to cross blood brain barrier into CSF using glut 1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of sodium monosaccharide cotransport in sodium dependent glucose transporters |
|
Definition
| needs tissue specific isoforms |
|
|
Term
| what are the first 5 reactions of glycolysis function in |
|
Definition
| energy investment, provides phosphorlyated forms of intermediates |
|
|
Term
| what do the first 5 reactions use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do subsequent generations of glycolysis make |
|
Definition
| 4 ATP, glucose 2 NADH, pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis what does glucose turn into next, what enzymes help |
|
Definition
| glycose-6-phosphate, hexokinase or glucokinase |
|
|
Term
| where is hexokinase active in glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis describe rate and affinity of hexokinase |
|
Definition
| low affinity, low Vmax. can be easily saturated |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis what inhibits hexokinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis where is glucokinase used |
|
Definition
| liver, pancreatic B cells |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis describe rate and affinity of glucokinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what isglucokinase stimulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis what does glucose-6-phosphate turn into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzymes tunrs glucose-6-phoshate into fructose-6-phoshate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the rate limiting step in glycolysis |
|
Definition
| fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate |
|
|
Term
| what is the committed step in glycolysis |
|
Definition
| fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme catalyzes fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate |
|
Definition
| phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK 1) |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits PFK 1, what do these forms of inhibition suggest physiologically |
|
Definition
| ATP (you have enough energy), citrate (TCA is backed up) |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates PFK 1, what do these forms of stimulation suggest physiologically |
|
Definition
| AMP (you have low energy, ATP was used up), fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate (there is insulin present |
|
|
Term
| what are the irreversible reactions in glycolysis |
|
Definition
| phosphoralyzation of glucose, fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| where does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate regulates glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what needs to happen for fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to be produced |
|
Definition
| insulin needs to be present which causes PFK-2 to be DEphosphorlyated |
|
|
Term
| what needs to happen for fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to not be produced |
|
Definition
| glucagon needs to be present causing PFK-2 to be phosphorlyated |
|
|
Term
| what does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate do for regulation of glycolysis |
|
Definition
| when insulin is present it is made and it activates PFK-1 |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme helps make fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what state is PFK-2 when it is active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are PFK-1 and PRK-2 usually active at the same time, why would this be |
|
Definition
| yes, because they both help glycolysis go forward. PFK-2 creates a product that helps PFK-1 |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis, what does fructose-1,6-bisphosphate turn into, how? |
|
Definition
| the 6 C molecule splits into 2x 3 C molecules: dehydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| are dehydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate both used in glycolysis? what happens in glycolysis between these molecules? how? |
|
Definition
| dehydroxy acetone phosphate is turned into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate for glycolysis to continue via triose-phosphate-isomerase |
|
|
Term
| what catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to dehydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate? |
|
Definition
| aldolase (not aldolase B!) |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis, what does glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate turn into? what major changes occur during this step to the molecule? why? |
|
Definition
| 1,3-BPG. an inorganic phosphate is added for future ATP creation. NAD+ is converted to NADH which is high energy |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into 1,3-BPG? |
|
Definition
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis what does 1,3-BPG turn into? what major event takes place assisting the formation of the product? |
|
Definition
| the inorganic phosphate is removed from 1.3-BPG and given to ADP making ATP! the product of this is 3-phosphoglycerate |
|
|
Term
| what is substrate level phosphorlyation |
|
Definition
| energy for phosphorlyation comes from substrate |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reactions in glycolysis participate in substrate level phosphorlyation |
|
Definition
| 1,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis what does 3-phosphopglycerate turn into? what enzyme helps this? |
|
Definition
| 2-phosphoglycerate via phosphoglycerate mutase |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis what does 2-phosphoglycerate turn into? what enzymes helps this? |
|
Definition
| phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), via enolase |
|
|
Term
| what is the final step in glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what catalyzes the final step in glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what atom interchange facilitates the conversion of PEP to pyruvate, what is the product of this |
|
Definition
| an inorganic phosphate from PEP is removed and given to ADP making ATP! the result is pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates pyruvate kinase |
|
Definition
| in the liver insulin activates it, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits pyruvate kinase |
|
Definition
| in the liver glucagon inactivates it |
|
|
Term
| how is pyruvate kinase really controlled by the PFK-1 reaction (which is the true regulatory reaction) |
|
Definition
| pyruvate kinase is controlled by the product of this reaction, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, so pyruvate kinase is in turn controlled by the same stuff PFK-1 is controlled by because it needs to be working to make fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
|
|
Term
| in what state is pyruvate kinase turned on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what state is pyruvate kinase turned off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what moleule can be turned into 2,3-BPG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme turns 1,3-BPG into 2,3-BPG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowers Hb affinity, increasing O2 drop off in the tissues |
|
|
Term
| how can 2,3-BPG be lowered |
|
Definition
| phosphatase can turn it into 3-phosphoglycerate which can be sent back into glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| if there is oxygen and mitochondria, what is pyruvate turned into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if there is no oxygen or mitochondria, what is pyruvate turned into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme helps turn pyruvate into lactate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does pyruvate turning into lactate produce, what function does this product have |
|
Definition
| it turns NADH into NAD+ which allows glycolysis to keep going because it is a needed product |
|
|
Term
| what is the fate of some of the lactate after produced due to an anaerobic enivornment |
|
Definition
| it goes to the blood then to the liver where it can be used in gluconeogenesis where its reversabe enzyme (lactate dehydrognase) can turn it back into pyruvate to make glucose |
|
|
Term
| what os oxaloacatate made from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replenish TCA intermediates, glucoenogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the net yield of glycolysis, why |
|
Definition
| 2 ATP and 2 NADH. a 6 C molecule split into 2x 3 C molecules. this created two pathways that each produced 2ATP and 1NADH. it cost 2 ATP to run glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what is the net yield of glycolysis done in an anaerobic enivornment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what changes occur in glycolysis if there are prolonged levels of insulin exposure in the body |
|
Definition
| it would increase in transciprion of proteins involved in glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| why would there be an decrease in transcription of proteins revolving around glucagon |
|
Definition
| fasting, untreated type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| why would someone have prolonged exposure to insulin |
|
Definition
| increased carbohydrate diet, insulin therapy |
|
|
Term
| what happens when someone has a glucokinase mutation |
|
Definition
| increases Km or decreases Vmax. this increases blood sugar causing maturity onset diabetes of the young |
|
|
Term
| how does arsenic primairly poison the body |
|
Definition
| inhibition of enzymes that use lipoic acid (a coenzyme) |
|
|
Term
| what does arsenic disrupt in glycolysis |
|
Definition
| inserts into glyceraldehyde instead of an inorganic phosphate so in the next step, 1,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate, no ATP is made. |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a pyruvate kinase mutation |
|
Definition
| increases Km or decreases Vmax, in RBC pumps that maintain the shape fail because there is no ATP which causes damage to the RBC in vascular system and for them to be removed from circulation causing hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| what is the second most common genetic enzyme deficiency that causes hemolytic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first most common genetic enzyme deficiency that causes hemolytic anemia |
|
Definition
| glucose-6-phoshpate dehydrogenase deficiency |
|
|
Term
| what is different between a glucose-6-phoshpate dehydrogenase deficiency and a pyruvate kinase deficiency.. other than the ovbious different enzyme |
|
Definition
| in the glucose-6-phoshpate dehydrogenase deficiency there are Heinz bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RBC and exercising muscle |
|
|
Term
| in muscles, what does excess lactate cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after lactate is made in RBC and muscle, where does it go |
|
Definition
| into the plasma and is then taken up by the liver / tissues or other paths |
|
|
Term
| what happens if there is a lot of lactate in the blood |
|
Definition
| lactic acid acidosis (low blood pH) |
|
|
Term
| what happens when there is no oxygen and lactate builds up in a tissue |
|
Definition
|
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