Term
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Definition
| 172 bp sequence that is repeated about 5 x 105 times (~3% of the genome) in blocks that include the centromeres of each chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-64 base pairs per repeat unit, 3-100s of tandem repeats, don't make up much of the genome. Also called hypervariable regions (HVRs) or variable number of tandem repeat regions (VNTRs). These are used in genomic fingerprinting |
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Term
| What's the most abundant classifiable group of components in the human genome? |
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Definition
| transposable elements or transposons; these make up about 20% of the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| transposons that move through an RNA intermediate |
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Term
| What are lines? About how many base pairs? |
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Definition
| a type of retroposon; About 500,000 partial copies (of a ~6000 bp intact element) |
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Term
| What are SINEs? How many bp? |
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Definition
a type of retroposon; SINEs are short (~300 bp), are found in most higher eukaryotes, and do not encode
anything |
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Term
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Definition
| The 10 nm fiber. The length of this structure is about 1/6 the length of the DNA it contains. |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleosomes contact one another to form a higher-order 2-start helix. The length of a 30 nm fiber is about 1/40 the length of the DNA it contains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less compact form of DNA. Usually transcribed. |
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Term
| important steps in prokaryote transcription |
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Definition
| haloenzyme forms a complex with a sigma subunit bound to a promoter, RNA polymerase binds pribnow box and forms stable closed complex, RNA polymerase acts as a helicase and forms the open complex, sigma subunit releases and elongation occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotic that targets prokaryotic mRNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| Targets Eukaryotic RNA Pol II |
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Term
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Definition
small (~100 amino acid) motifs found in chromatin proteins that
specifically recognize particular acetylated histone residues |
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Term
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Definition
| small structural motifs that bind to methylated residues |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of modifications is read by proteins with these binding motifs, and they then take the information and alter the expression pattern of the region |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the proteins that binds to methylated DNA in humans is MeCP2, which binds modified DNA and recruits an HDAC complex. Mutations in the MeCP2 gene lead to a type of mental retardation known as Rett's Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| pyrimidine analog that cannot be methylated. In trial for use in some cancers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repositions nucleosomes. Like helicases, this involves hydrolyzing ATP to move along DNA. Unlike helicases, it does not involve separating the DNA strands. Instead, the movement seems to be used to pull DNA to break histone:DNA contacts to move the nucleosomes around |
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Term
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Definition
| only affect the expression of the DNA molecules that contain them. Promoter sequences act in cis |
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Term
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Definition
| binding proteins themselves act in trans, because they affect any DNA molecule in the cell with their recognition site, not just the DNA molecule that encoded them. |
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Term
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Definition
| General transcription factor that recruits Pol II |
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Term
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Definition
| In eukaryotes, can be anywhere relative to the promoter and effect the strength of the promoter respecive to the name |
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Term
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Definition
| In prokaryotes, sequences called operators modulate the promoter activity; they are usually very near to or overlap the promoter |
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Term
| How does miRNA come from dsRNA |
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Definition
| first digested in the nucleus by an endonuclease called Drosha, then further digested in the cytoplasm by dicer, RISC binds it and blocks translation of mRNA with the same sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ADARs (adenosine deaminases that act on RNA) |
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Definition
| converts specific adenosines to inosines (which base pair with cytosine instead of with uracil) |
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Term
| ApoB-100 and ApoB-48 are examples of what? |
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Definition
| mRNA processing, cytosine deamination to produce Uracil which introduces a stop codon halfway through the transcript. |
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Term
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Definition
controlled by spliceosome, 5 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes (called U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 in
humans). Contain snRNPs, Ribozymes. |
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Term
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Definition
Most introns start with the sequence "GU..." and end "...AG" but many exceptions exist.
Introns contain an adenosine 20-40 nucleotides upstream of the 3' splice site that serves as the branchpoint in the catalytic mechanism. |
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Term
| MutS is involved in what type of repair |
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Definition
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Term
| Migration of a Holliday junction away from the site at which it was formed can lead to a defect that would most likely be repaired by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involved in splicing. The 2'OH of a specific adenosine in the intron attacks the 5' splice site, thereby forming the lariat |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic initiation factor. Important in regulating the rate of translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryote RBS (ribosome binding sequence.) 6 base sequence found just upstream of the start signal that is complementary to a sequence in the 16S rRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as a temporary signal indicating an unfolded state |
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Term
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Definition
viral enzyme that destroys sialic acid; the drugs Relenza
and Tamiflu work by inhibiting neuraminidase so the virus can't escape to infect another cell). |
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Term
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Definition
| polysacharide recognition particles. Can read glycosalation and help navigate cells to a destination |
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Term
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Definition
| The 2-stranded right-handed polymeric form of actin |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubule organizing center (MTOC). Contains gamma tubulin which is important for sedding microtubules. |
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Term
| Drugs that destabilize microtubules? How do they work? |
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Definition
| colchicine, colcemid, vinblastine, vincristine. They work by removing the pool of available dimers. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Intermediate filaments (3) |
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Definition
| The only ones mentioned were lamin, which composes the nuclear lamina, Cell-cell junctions are associated with vimentin, and Keratin. |
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Term
| multivesicular bodies (MVBs) |
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Definition
| AKA endosomes, central intermediates in sorting of receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
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