Term
| These are the three types of isoprenoids. |
|
Definition
| What are Steroids, Lipid Vitamins, and Terpenes? |
|
|
Term
| Steroids, Lipid Vitamins, and Terpenes are all classified as this type of fatty acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are the five types of fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| What are Eicosanoids, Glycerophospholipids*, Triacylglycerols, Waxes, and Sphingolipids? |
|
|
Term
| Eicosanoids, Glycerophospholipids*, Triacylglycerols, Waxes, and Sphingolipids are all classified as this type of lipid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are the five types of phosphatidates. |
|
Definition
| What are PhosphatidylETHANOLAMINES, PhosphatidylSERINES, PhosphatidylCHOLINES, PhosphatidylINOSITOLS, and Other phospholipids? |
|
|
Term
| These are the two types of Glycerophospholipids. |
|
Definition
| What are Plasmalogens and Phosphatidates? |
|
|
Term
| Plasmalogens and Phosphatidates* are both classified as this type of lipid. |
|
Definition
| What is a Glycerophospholipid? |
|
|
Term
PhosphatidylETHANOLAMINES, PhosphatidylSERINES, PhosphatidylCHOLINES, PhosphatidylINOSITOLS, and
Other phospholipids are all classified as this type of lipid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ceramides* are classified as this type of lipid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the subcategory of Shingolipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are the four types of ceramides. |
|
Definition
| What are Sphingomyelins (also a phospholipid), Cerebrosides, Gangliosides, and Other glycosphingolipids? |
|
|
Term
| Sphingomyelins, Cerebrosides, Gangliosides, and Other glycosphingolipids can all be classified as this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following classes of lipids does NOT involve fatty acids?
Sphingolipids
Steroids
Wax Esters
Phosphatidates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are the two general types of lipids |
|
Definition
What are Open chain (polar head) and
Fused ring (steroid ring skeleton)? |
|
|
Term
| This is the type of linkage holds open chain fatty acids to whatever they connect to |
|
Definition
| What is an Ester linkage? |
|
|
Term
| In an unsaturated fatty acid, this is the type of double bond usually formed, giving it a lower melting point. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid is usually on this Carbon |
|
Definition
| What is the ninth carbon? |
|
|
Term
| This is the name of the C=C bond in an unsaturated fatty acid when counted from the opposite end of the molecule compared to IUPAC naming. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are two common examples of Omega fatty acids |
|
Definition
| What are Omega-3 and Omega-6? |
|
|
Term
| When all three alcohol groups of glycerol form esters with fatty acids, this is formed. |
|
Definition
| What is a triaglycerol (triglyceride)? |
|
|
Term
| It is very common to have this type of center in a triacylglygerol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These types of triacylgylcerols are rich in saturated acids and are solid at room temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These types of triacylgylcerols are rich in unsaturated acids and are liquid at room temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fats are used for long term energy storage in animals because it is more efficient than this type of molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete oxidation of fat yields this much energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat is typically found here to prevent heat loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These fatty acids are secreted onto fur and feathers to make them water repellant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a biological system, this hydrolyzes fats so they can be oxidized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before it could be oxidized, Tyler Durden used this process to chemically hydrolyze "The Richest Fat in All the Land" |
|
Definition
| What is saponification (base hydrolysis)? |
|
|
Term
| These surface active agents lower water's surface tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of fatty acid will spontaneously rearrange into ordered structures when placed in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This phospholipid structure is similar to a cell membrane in an aqueous environment. |
|
Definition
| What is a phospholipid bilayer vesicle? |
|
|
Term
| This is the result of the third -OH of glycerol being esterified to a phosphoric acid or a phosphoric acid ester, instead of a carboxylic acid. |
|
Definition
| What is a phosphoglyceride? |
|
|
Term
| This is the term for a terminal nitrogen that has had all of it's hydrogens replaced with methyl groups. Choline is an example. |
|
Definition
| What is exhaustively methylated? |
|
|
Term
| This sphingolipid is very common in the nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This long chain amino acid alcohol is the base for sphingolipids instead of glycerol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are the two ways by which a student can recognize a triacylglyceride versus a sphingolipid. |
|
Definition
| An amine on position 2 instead of the alcohol in sphingosine, and a long chain as part of the alcohol instead of a fatty acid in sphingosine. |
|
|
Term
| This fatty acid has a carbohydrate bound to the alcohol of a lipid via a glycosidic link. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These fatty acids are commonly found in the cell membranes of nerve and brain cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolipids will not have this type of functional group common in other fatty acids. |
|
Definition
| What is a phosphate group? |
|
|
Term
| Glycolipids will have this type of charge, unless they have been sulfated. |
|
Definition
| What is a neutral charge. |
|
|
Term
| These fatty acids are synthesized from isopntenyl pyrophosphate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isoprenoids contain a repeating unit, known as an isoprene, which is made of this many carbons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the base unit of a terpene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A tetraterpene contains this number of isoprene units. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E, vitamin K and ubiquinone are all examples of terpenoids, a fatty acid biomolecule with this component. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This biological building block has been prenylated when attached to an isoprenoid, which may play a role in cell growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These isoprenoids are lipid based ring systems formed from isopentenyl pyrophosphate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Placement of the double bonds and of these two functional groups within the ring system are the two factors that determine the differences between steroids. |
|
Definition
| What are alkyl & hydroxy groups? |
|
|
Term
| Steroids are based on this molecule, a triterpene of 6 isoprene units. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surround a neutral lipid core of cholesterol esters and/or triacylglycerols with a layer of phospholipid, cholesterol, and you'll have this molecular complex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This class of large lipoproteins have a very, VERY low density. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This class of lipoproteins are made in the liver and transport lipids to other tissues. |
|
Definition
| What are VLDLs? (Very Low Density Lipoproteins) |
|
|
Term
| This class of lipoprotein is used to carry cholesterol to other tissues. |
|
Definition
| What are LDL's? (Low Density Lipoproteins) |
|
|
Term
| These Good Guy lipoproteins are made in the liver and scavenge excess cholesterol esters. |
|
Definition
| What are HDLs? (High Density Lipoproteins) |
|
|
Term
| 85% of chylomicron is composed of this biomolecule. The number drops to 50% in VLDL's. |
|
Definition
| What are triacylglycerols? |
|
|
Term
| HDL's are composed of 55% or this biomolecule, over twice as much as it's LDL counterpart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At only only 1%, this lipoprotein has the lowest concentration of cholesterol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This medical condition often leads to coronary artery disease, and is indicated by plaque build-up and a high concentration of LDLs in the plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A deposit of smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and cell debris will form this on the blood vessel wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A human erythrocyte is 8% carbohydrate because of these important indicators. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A high concentration of this will lead to a more rigid lipid membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A translocating protein aids phospholipids through the cytosol to the cell membrane after they are produced here. |
|
Definition
| What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
|
|
Term
| Most membranes require these to carry out functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of protein is embedded in, or will extent all the way through the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
| What is an integral protein? |
|
|
Term
| This protein is bound to the cell membrane and interacts with integral proteins. |
|
Definition
| What are peripheral proteins? |
|
|
Term
| Glycophorin and anion channel protein are the two major integral proteins of this cell type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This integral protein is made of 131 amino acids and is about 60% carbohydrate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This diffuses through the ion channel in exchange for chloride, maintaining the electrical potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Separation, transport of molecules and this are all functions of the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
| What is binding of hormones and other molecules? |
|
|
Term
| This allows molecules to move through a membrane down a concentration gradient |
|
Definition
| What is simple diffusion? |
|
|
Term
| Molecules move more quickly through protein channels regulated by binding or voltage in this type of diffusion. |
|
Definition
| What is facilitated diffusion? |
|
|
Term
| The Na+ - K+ pump is an example of this type of membrane transport, fueled by ATP. |
|
Definition
| What is primary active transport? |
|
|
Term
| Concentration gradients created by primary active transport are used to move substances across membranes in this transport system |
|
Definition
| What is secondary active transport? |
|
|
Term
| A conformational change occurs, leading to a specific response, when this type of molecule binds to a membrane receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This molecule, attached to the terminal sulfer, is used in fatty acid synthesis and then produced in lipid metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This functional group holds the acetyl group to coenzyme A in acetyl CoA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triacylplycerols form emulsions with amphipathetic bile salts after they are digested here. |
|
Definition
| What is the lumen of the small intestine? |
|
|
Term
| Before being converted back once across the plasma membrane, a TAG is cleaved into two fatty acids and a monoacylglycerol by this enzyme. |
|
Definition
| What is pancreatic lipase? |
|
|
Term
| Enterocytes combine TAGs, cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins to form this class of lipoprotein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons are removed from the blood by these, the body's primary lipid storage cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TAGs are converted to fatty acids and glycerol by this enzyme. |
|
Definition
| What is lipoprotein lipase? |
|
|
Term
| This class of lipid can be reconverted to TAGs, used in membrane synthesis, or degraded for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids, in the form of acyl-CoA, are added to this molecule, with the help of acyl-CoA synthetase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two Acyl CoA are added to glycerol-3-phosphate, forming this molecule. |
|
Definition
| What is phosphatidic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Derived from phoshatidate, this molecule can be converted to triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, or phosphatidylethanolamine. |
|
Definition
| What is 1,2-Diacylglycerol? |
|
|
Term
| This enzyme removes fatty acid units from TAGs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triacylglycerols and phosphoacylglycerols undergo this process to form fatty acyl groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane bound proteins and carnitine help fatty acyl groups reach the mitochondrial matrix where they will undergo this process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme brings fatty acyl groups into the intermembrane space. |
|
Definition
| What is acyl CoA synthase? |
|
|
Term
| When combined with this molecule, fatty acyl groups can cross the inner membrane into the matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the functional group formed between the alpha and beta carbons during the first step of fatty acid degradation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The party gets started in step two of beta oxidation when the alkene is converted to this functional group at the beta carbon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol is oxidized to this functional group in step three of beta oxidation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step four of beta oxidation cleaves one of these molecules from the ketone. |
|
Definition
| What is an acetyl CoA or an acyl CoA? |
|
|
Term
| The number of acetyl CoA produced in Beta oxidation is always this, when compared to FADH2 AND NADH, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A high fat -low carb diet, starvation, and diabetes can all lead up to a buildup of this, causing the breath to smell like acetone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An excess of ketone bodies is known as this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During starvation, this organ can use ketone bodies as an emergency energy source. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ketosis overwhelms the body's ability to perform this function, forcing H+, K+ and Na+ into the urine. |
|
Definition
| What is buffer the blood? |
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies are synthesized to provide energy for the brain in the absence of this essential molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-CoA and this molecule combine to form citrate, which is transported from the matrix to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA in fatty acid synthesis by this enzyme |
|
Definition
| What is acetylCoAcarboxylase? |
|
|
Term
| This molecule carries the CO2 needed carboxylate acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carboxylation of acetyl-CoA requires this energy source for recarboxylation of biotin cofactor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the rate limiting step of carboxylation with biotin cofactor. |
|
Definition
| What is recarboxylation of biotin cofactor? |
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid synthesis begins with acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA being primed with this molecule. |
|
Definition
| What is acyl carrier protein (ACP)? |
|
|
Term
| This common molecule is produced when malonyl-CoA is added to a fatty acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The beta ketone is reduced to this functional group in the third, frat style, step of fatty acid synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alcohol gets dried up in the fourth step of fatty acid synthesis, producing this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The final step of fatty acid synthesis reduces the alkene to this functional group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the reducing agent in fatty acid synthesis. It is made in the pentose monophosphate step along with ribose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the maximum number of carbons that can be combined into a fatty acid in the cytosol. Numbers higher than this must be transferred back into the mitochondia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the highest numbered carbon in a fatty acid chain that mammals can change into an unsaturated fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For fatty acid synthesis of more than 16 carbons, this structure will add 2 carbon units supplied by malonyl-CoA. |
|
Definition
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum? |
|
|
Term
| For fatty acid synthesis of more than 16 carbons, this structure will add 2 carbon units supplied by acetyl-CoA. |
|
Definition
| What is the mitochondrion? |
|
|
Term
| Anything with a C=C bond beyond carbon 9 is this kind of fatty acid. |
|
Definition
| What is an essential fatty acid? |
|
|
Term
| Using NADH and molecular oxygen, double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are typically added in this cellular structure. |
|
Definition
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum? |
|
|
Term
| This is the thioester for beta oxidation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the thioester for fatty acid synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the electron carrier for beta oxidation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the electron carrier for fatty acid synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon inhibits this enzyme, halting the production of malonyl-CoA |
|
Definition
| What is acetyl-CoA carboxylase? |
|
|
Term
| This substange promotes lipogenesis by stimulating acetyl-CoA carboxylase and inhibiting lipolysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This molecule will have the same effect as glucagon in fatty acid metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This molecule stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and TAGs, and inhibits fatty acid synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This molecule promotes glycogen synthesis, the formation of fatty acids, and inhibits lipolysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the starting compound of all steroids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first major conversion, and rate limiting step of steroids, is when three acetyl groups are converted to this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the key enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two isopentenyl pyrophosphates, one is first isomerized, are the building blocks for this molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the mechanism type used in cholesterol synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You need this many isopentyl pyrophosphates to make a squalene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This lipid is converted to bile acids, and then bile salts, in the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sugar, a phosphate, and a base are the building blocks for this molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This linkage connects sugars in the phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA. |
|
Definition
| What is a phosphodiester linkage? |
|
|
Term
| Sugars attach at N1 of these single ring bases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sugars attach at N9 of these double ringed bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are this type of base. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytosine (C), Uracil (U), and Thymine (T) are all this type of base. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A nucleotide has a phosphate group attached at C5' and a sugar attached at this position. |
|
Definition
| What is the C1' position? |
|
|
Term
| The nitrogenous base and sugar of a nucleotide are connected at the C!' position with this type of linkage. |
|
Definition
| What is a beta glycosidic linkage? |
|
|
Term
| A nucleoside will have this conected at the C5' position instead of a phosphate group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These bases are catabolized to uric acid and excreted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These bases are broken down into malonate and methylmalonate before they they are excreted in the urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| De novo synthesis of pyrimidimes is catalyzed by this enzyme. |
|
Definition
| What is carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II? |
|
|
Term
| Carbamoyl phosphate and this amino acid react to form the pyrimidine base, carbamoylaspartate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This molecule is made when carbamoylaspartate is converted to dihydroorotate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As dihydroorotate is converted to orotate, this energy filled molecule is produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As orotate is converted to orotylidate, the N1 attacks PRPP in this type of reaction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As UTP is converted to CTP, an ATP is used and Glutamine donates this to the process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme reduces all four ribonucleotides to produce deoxyribonucleotides. |
|
Definition
| What is ribonucleotide reductase? |
|
|
Term
| A hydroxyl group is lost at this position on ribose during reduction to a deoxyribonucleotide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the final donor in ribonucleotide reduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disulfide bond is indicative of this form of ribonucleotide reductase. |
|
Definition
| What is the oxidized form? |
|
|
Term
| The difference beween dUMP and TTP can be seen in the addition of this functional group at C5. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The addition of this atom will halt thymidylate synthase cold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Add glutamate, p-aminobenzoate (PABA), and a substituted pteridine ring together, and you'll have this on your hands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are the two important binding sites on a pteridine ring. |
|
Definition
| What are the N-5 and N-10 positions? |
|
|
Term
| This is a major target for antibacterial drug therapy. |
|
Definition
| What is dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)? |
|
|
Term
| When regenerating THF from DHF, this provides the reducing power. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reduction of DHF to form THFis catalyzed by this enzyme. |
|
Definition
| What is dihydrofolate reductase? |
|
|
Term
| These agents are important anti-cancer and microbial infection therapies. |
|
Definition
| What are folate antagonists? |
|
|
Term
| Folate antagonists block the regeneration of this molecule by inhibiting the enzyme DHFR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribonucleotide reductase has an active site and two allosteric regulatory sites. One regulates overall activity, the other regulates this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purine catabolism produces this, which reduces oxidative species in the blood. |
|
Definition
| What is urate (uric acid)? |
|
|
Term
| This painful condition is caused when high levels of uric acid n the blood lead to deposits of sodium urate in the kidneys and joints. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The structure of this molecule is similar to purines, allowing competitive inhibition of synthetic enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA acts as this in regards to its own replication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The information carried by DNA is copied into an intermediate form, named this. |
|
Definition
| What is messenger RNA (mRNA)? |
|
|
Term
| mRNA is used as a template to direct the proper assembly of these into the protein gene product. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In DNA, deoxyribose is missing a hydroxyl group on this carbon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New strandsof DNA are synthesized in this direction. |
|
Definition
| What is the 5’ to 3’ direction? |
|
|
Term
| These enzymes do the building in replication of genomic DNA. |
|
Definition
| What are DNA polymerases? |
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase uses dNTP (C,A,G,T) as substrate, releasing this as a byproduct. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA replication begins when initiator proteins pry the strands apart requiring, but no hydrolyzing, this molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme further unwinds the DNA strand in replication. |
|
Definition
| What is DNA helicase (dnaB)? |
|
|
Term
| This enzyme creates the RNA primer necessary for DNA replication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Replication finally begins when this enzyme attaches to the unwound DNA strand. |
|
Definition
| What is DNA polymerase III ? |
|
|
Term
| Helicase reads the DNA from 5' to 3', so it attaches to this strand. |
|
Definition
| What is the lagging strand? |
|
|
Term
| The origin site for DNA replication is rich in these two bases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase III is held onto the strand when this protein is attached prior to replication. |
|
Definition
| What is a sliding clamp protein? |
|
|
