Term
|
Definition
| Product of pathway inhibits enzyme acting on steps earlier in the pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reactants stimulate enzymes farther down the pathway (Happens in Metabolism) |
|
|
Term
| Regulation occurs at what step |
|
Definition
Rate-Limiting Step
Gives body most amount of time to control it because it proceeds most slowly |
|
|
Term
T/F
Each step has the same enzymes and rate constants |
|
Definition
F
Each step has different enzymes and rate constants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a unique product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sigmodial Curve
Control of both main variables gives us more control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme production or function is stimulated or inhibited by the presence of a protein -- binding can turn it on or off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Covalent Modification -- AA targets
Kinase and Phophatase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Covalent Modification
Add Sulfate group to hydroxyl group AA
Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Covalent Modification
Adding Sugars, N/O linked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Covalent Modification
Blocking N terminus by adding acetyl group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
80% of all proteins @ N terminus
Adds stability, and makes more hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesized in inactive form, activated by peptide bond cleavage (inactive form -ogen or Pro-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
turns pyruvate into lactate
4 different types: Liver,muscles,WBC,RBC,Brain, Kidney, heart |
|
|
Term
| Lactate Dehydrogenase subunits |
|
Definition
a - under aerobic conditions
b - under anaerobic conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that are controlled non covalently at a site other than active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ligand is not a direct substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effectors, Modulators, Modfiers, Regulator, Ligand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary source of NRG, Structural component of tissue/organ, Lubricate/Support Connective Tissue, Combine with proteins = glycoprotein, Make DNA/RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 sugar unit Carbohydrate
Aldehyde or Ketone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Methylene group drawn above ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Methylene group drawn below ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucose + galactose (from milk)
hydrolyzed by: Lactase (hydrolase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must be hydrolyzed into monosaccharide by a hydrolase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bloating,Nausea,Cramping,Pain,Diarrhea
From deficiency of lactase - accumulation of Lactose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Top Carbs in body - used in making glycoproteins
chain of Sia @ end of proteins indicate length of protein life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrolase enzyme that removes Sialic Acid from proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trisaccharide
galactose, glucose, fructose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oligosaccharide
2 gal, 1 glu, 1 fru |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oligosaccharide
3 gal, 1 glu, 1 fru |
|
|
Term
| alpha 1,6-galactose linkages |
|
Definition
| exist in raffinose, stachyose, cerbascose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
metabolizes carbs with a-1,6-linkages
aspergillius in Bean-o |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sulfated polysaccharide - Anti-coagulant
manufactured is 6,000 unit repeat |
|
|
Term
| Hurler's/Hunter's Syndrome |
|
Definition
results from deficiency in enzyme to metabolize heparin
no treatment - skeletal abnormalities, retardation, early death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
most have trisaccharide portion
strep, neo, kana, tobra (-mycin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cellulose + nitric acid (nitrocellulose)
mix with nitroglycerin = dynamite
because highly unstable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Makes Celluloid when mixed @ room Temp
Billiard balls, false teeth, dolls, combs |
|
|
Term
| Once all Sialic Acids on protein have been removed: |
|
Definition
| protein will be degraded by circulating proteases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Want to convert monosaccharides into ATP
We will store NRG in phosphodiester bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NADH - carries a lot of NRG
FADH - carries a little NRG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytosol
Most other metabolic reactions occur in mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| T/F Glycolysis produces most of the NRG in the body |
|
Definition
False
Not a Heavy producing pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under Aerobic and Anaerobic(only glycolysis) |
|
|
Term
| Cells without Mitochondria (RBC's) |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis is the main NRG producing pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anaerobic - convert pyruvate to lactate
Others - can convert, but shuttle pyruvate to TCA after oxidized to AcetylCoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some require insulin binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when there is too much NRG
stored form = polymer of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benefits of Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Free Glucose levels low, charged molecule so can't cross membrane easily, makes step nonreversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no activation energy barrier (responds to equilibrium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Redox reaction that creates or uses NADH/FAD |
|
Definition
| then we always use a dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
subclass of isomerase
when 1 functional group is taken off and reestablishes a functional group into same molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when there is an NRG shortage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 C molecule that is the backbone of triglycerides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most sensitive cells to Glycolysis Enzyme deficiency |
|
Definition
| cells lacking mitochondria because they are completely dependent |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency in pyruvate kinase or phosphofructokinase |
|
Definition
result in anemia
PFK - also hemolysis >> RBC's lysing spontaneously and myopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from sucrose
(glucose + fructose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from lactose
glucose + galactose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphorylates fructose on C1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphorylates fructose on C6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphorylate glyceraldehyde on 3 position |
|
|
Term
| Compare glycolysis/fructose metabolism |
|
Definition
| no NRG conservation - simpler to converge to main pathway than fructose pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uridyl transferase deficiency
vomiting/diarrhea with milk consumption
mental retardation/death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biosynthesis of glucose from lactate, AA and glycerol
occurs in liver (90%) and kidney (10%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
provide glucose when dietary intake is insufficient
**major route of elimination of lactate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EBC + Kidney take glucose through glycolysis to lactate
liver takes it through glucogenesis back to glucose |
|
|
Term
| Major purpose of glucogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
provision of biosynthetic precursors
needed to make glycoproteins and structural carbs |
|
|
Term
| Glucogenesis is reverse of glycolysis except: |
|
Definition
the 3 irreversible steps
hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of glucogenesis |
|
Definition
cell receptors for glucagon and glucocorticoids activate
cell receptors for insulin inhibit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activator - Acetyl CoA
Inhibit - ADP, Glutamate |
|
|
Term
| Phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibitors - AMP, Pi
Activate - Citrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes phosphate group from pathway to activate |
|
|
