Term
| what is the function of ethanol |
|
Definition
| it is a nutrient that provides energy and calories |
|
|
Term
| why is ethanol so easily absorbed in to the blood |
|
Definition
| it is water and fat soluble |
|
|
Term
| what happens to ethanol that is brought into the body |
|
Definition
| it is metabolized by upper GI, some is lost in the lungs, some goes into urine, a majority is taken to the liver |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common way for ethanol to be broken down in the liver |
|
Definition
| ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetate |
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|
Term
| what turns ethanol into acetaldehyde, what other products are there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what turns acetylaldehyde into acetate, what else is used or made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to acetate int the body |
|
Definition
| it can go into blood to be excreted or to muscle where it is turned into acetyl coA then put into the TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| what causes the toxicity of alchol abuse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of acetaldehyde poisoning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why might someone get acetaldehyde poisoning |
|
Definition
| drinking way to much, slow acetaldehyde DH, fast MEOS enzyle |
|
|
Term
| where is MEOS enzyme found |
|
Definition
| in people who drink a lot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolizes ethanol faster than aldehyde DH can remove it |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for disulifram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit aldehyde DH resulting in build up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a worry with disulfiram |
|
Definition
| that alcohols will still drink and poison themselves |
|
|
Term
| what causes the effects of ethanol on metabolism |
|
Definition
| acetaldehyde, NADH, cytochrome P450, malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| what does excessive acetaldehyde do |
|
Definition
| damage organs, especially liver |
|
|
Term
| what does alcohol processing make a lot of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does NADH cause hyperuricemia and or gout |
|
Definition
| it causes pyruvate to turn into lactate because glycolysis is inhibited and NAD needs to be regenerated giving lactic acidosis and an underexcretion of uric A |
|
|
Term
| how does NADH cause hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
| liver tries to do gluconeogenesis but precursors are used to make lactate so the liver uses glycogen stores |
|
|
Term
| how does NADH cause hyerlipidemia and fatty liver |
|
Definition
inhibits oxidation of FA that accumulate in the liver, combine with glycerol to make fat. some is released into the blood as VLDL
h |
|
|
Term
| how does NADH cause ketone production |
|
Definition
| acetyl CoA made in the liver, that cant be used for TCA because its stopped and will go to making ketones |
|
|
Term
| what does cytochrome p450 have to do with ethanol metabolism |
|
Definition
| it helps metabolize it and makes free radicals |
|
|
Term
| what can free radical do to the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the ways ethanol causes free radicals |
|
Definition
| cytochrome p450, acetaldehyde |
|
|
Term
| how does acetaldehyde cause free radicals |
|
Definition
| it binds glutathione depleting it so the cell cant get rid of free radicals |
|
|
Term
| how does ethanol cause malnutrition |
|
Definition
| alcohol gives calories but no nutrients. negative effects on organs inhibit their metabolic activities. folate deficiency, thiamine deficiency |
|
|
Term
| what does a folate deficiency cause |
|
Definition
| megaloblastic anemia (blood cells get big because they dont divide) |
|
|
Term
| what is a nutritional deficiency in thiamine called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a less servere thiamine deficiency due to alcohol abuse called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a severe thiamine deficiency due to alcohol abuse called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a thiamine deficiency due to alcohol abuse called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a thiamine deficiency cause in general |
|
Definition
| intestinal damage that blocks absorption |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of wernicke's encephaly |
|
Definition
| confusion, tremors, ataxia, nystagmus, vision issues |
|
|
Term
| how is vernicke's encephaly treated |
|
Definition
| it is treated and reversible with suppliments |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of korsakoff syndrome |
|
Definition
| memory loss, cant form new memories, confabulation, hallucinations, delerium |
|
|
Term
| how is korsakoff syndrome treated |
|
Definition
| it is irreversible because of the brain damage but can still be helped with suppliments |
|
|
Term
| what does acetaldehyde do to cause liver damage |
|
Definition
| binds proteins and AA preventing protein production by binding microtubules preventing secretion of the liver, binds glutathione stopping removal of ROS causing oxidation damage in the liver |
|
|
Term
| how does MEOS cause liver destruction |
|
Definition
| it begins to metabolize ethanol producing ROS which oxidizes the liver |
|
|
Term
| how does NADH excess damage the liver |
|
Definition
| it builds up and inhibits FA oxidation and increases flux in ETC making free radicals |
|
|
Term
| how does decreased FA oxidation damage the liver |
|
Definition
| it increases VLVL which makes hyperlipidemia initially and later when microtubules are broken VLDL is stuck in livver making a fatty liver which increases influx of water swelling liver |
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