Term
| What is the general overall story of ETC |
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Definition
| Glucose is oxidized to CO2 and water coupled to the transfer of electrons of coenzymes FAD and NAD to yield energy as NADH and FADH2. They donate electrons to electrons carriers which makes energy for a pump that creates a gradient that is coupled to ATP production |
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Term
| What is an alternative route for the energy made from ETC, other than ATP production |
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Definition
| Ancillary reactions (Ca transport in mitochondria making heat) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| At what point does the ETC turn off |
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Definition
| It only turns off when oxygen isn't present, it is Always running |
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Term
| What is the outer membrane permeable to |
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Definition
| Most ions and small molecules |
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Term
| What is the inner membrane permeable to |
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Definition
| Few ions or molecule.s need carriers |
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Term
| What is the inner mitochondrial membrane made of |
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Definition
| Lots of proteins (50% are ETC proteins), very convoluted forming cristae to increase surface area |
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Term
| What is the mitochondrial matrix made of |
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Definition
| 50% protein, gel like, enzymes for oxidating pyruvate amino acids, fatty acids beta-oxidation, and TCA. NAD, FAD, ADP, Pi. Mitochondrial DNA and replication / expression tools. |
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Term
| What drives transfer of electrons in ETC |
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Definition
| NADH is a good electron donor and oxygen a good acceptor |
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Term
| What happens to the strength of the donors as you go through the etc |
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Definition
| Each donor is weaker and acceptors are stronger |
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Term
| What is the common intermediate between oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the NADH and H come form for etc |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does NADH enter into the etc chain |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for complex 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs in NADH dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| FMN accepts 2H / 2e- making FMNH2 assisted by the Fe/S center |
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Term
| Where does FADH2 enter the etc |
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Definition
| It sends 2H / 2e to cytochrome c |
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Term
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Definition
| A non membrane bound lipid electron carrier |
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Term
| Where does coenzyme q take electrons to |
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Definition
| Complex 3: cytochrome BC1 |
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Term
| What picks up electrons from cytochrome bc1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does cytochrome c take electrons do |
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Definition
| Cytochrome c oxidase, complex 4 |
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Term
| What does cytochrome c oxidase do |
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Definition
| Uses Fe and Cu to help use 2H / 2e to reduce oxygen to water |
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Term
| What complexes are not membrane bound in etc |
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Definition
| Cytochrome c and coenzyme q, the electrons carris |
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Term
| What complexes pump protons out in their electron transport exchange |
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Definition
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Term
| In regard to the gradient, what is the outside of the mitochondrial membrane like |
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Definition
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Term
| In regard to the gradient, what is the inside of the mitochondrial membrane like |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the composition and role of a cytochrome |
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Definition
| Has heme, involved in electron transport, reversible oxidized or reduced Fe |
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Term
| Where is the Fo subunit of complex 5 located |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the role of the F1 subunit of complex 5 |
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Definition
| Rotation of the unit is driven by the gradient, this allows ADP and P to make ATP |
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Term
| What is another name for complex 5 |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, what do etc inhibitors do |
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Definition
| Prevent flow of electrons so NADH builds up leading to TCA inhibition, this causes anaerobic glycolysis, increasing lactic acid and decreasing oxygen consumption, aerobic tissues are most effected |
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Term
| What does Amytal do, what is it classified as |
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Definition
| Barbiturate that stops complex 1 of etc |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Insecticide,pesticide, piscicide |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is antimycin found in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Irreversibly binds complex 4 in etc, binds iron tight in heme |
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Term
| Why might someone be exposed to cyanide |
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Definition
| House if re, industrial fire, burning polyurethane |
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Term
| what does CN- bind to in ETC |
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Definition
| Fe3+ in heme of complex 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits complex 4 reversibly |
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Term
| what does sodium azide bind to in ETC |
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Definition
| Fe3+ in cytochromes of complex 4 |
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Term
| where is sodium azide found |
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Definition
| propellent in airbags, explosives, lab as anti microbial preservitive in sera or other solutions |
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Term
|
Definition
| binds to complex 5 in ETC closing proton channel leading back to matrix, stops ATP synthesis so also ETC |
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Term
| where is oligomycin found |
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Definition
| tool to study electron transport in lab |
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Term
| where are coupling proteinsfound |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| what do coupling proteins do |
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Definition
| allow protons to flow back into matrix without going through complex 5, does not stop ETC but does not make ATP, energy is released as heat |
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Term
| what are examples of coupling proteins |
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Definition
| UPC 1 (thermogenin), synthetic uncouplers, salicylic acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are synthetic uncouplers |
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Definition
| non-proteins that increase permability of inner mitochondrial membrane to protons which uncouple ETC from ATP production |
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Term
| what is an example of a synthetic uncoupler, what does it cause |
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Definition
| 2,4-dinitropherol: weight loss drug, overdose causes fatal hyperthermia |
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Term
| what does salicylic acid do |
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Definition
| uncouples ETC from ATP production, overdose leads to fever and sweating |
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Term
| where is salicylic acid found |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a reactive O2 species formed by |
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Definition
| oxygen improperly turning into water that the end of the ETC |
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Term
| what are the reactive O2 species |
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Definition
| superodixe (O2-), H2O2, hydroxyl radicals (OH) |
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Term
| what do reactive O2 species do |
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Definition
| damage proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA in mitochondria |
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Term
| other than the fact that they damage sruff, why are reactive O2 species a problem |
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Definition
| they mess up the ETC which increases the amount of reactive O2 species making a bad circle of life |
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Term
| how does the body normally combat reactive O2 species |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the natural enzymes the body uses to combat reactive O2 species |
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Definition
| lipid soluble vitamins in membrane (antioxident vitamins, vitamin E), water soluble vitamins in cytosol (vitamin C), superoxide dismutase, catalyase, gltathione peroxidase |
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Term
| what is a reprefusion injury |
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Definition
| decreased O2 > decreased ATP and NADH prodiction. then O2 is suddenly introducd. ETC activity is too much > reactive oxygen species produced |
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Term
| where do the proteins from oxidative phosphorlyation come from |
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Definition
| 13/120 are on mitochondrial DNA, the rest are transported into the mitochondria from the nucleus |
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Term
| why does mitochondrial DNA have a higher mutation rate |
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Definition
| reactive oxygen species generation |
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Term
| what do mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorlyation defects which hurts aerobic tissues causing neuropathies and myopthies |
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Term
| what are examples of mitochondrial DNA mutations |
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Definition
| LHON, MERRF, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke like episodes, leigh syndrome |
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Term
| what is the role of the mitochondria in apoptosis |
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Definition
| may be initiated through intrinsic (mitochondria mediated) path by outer pores of the outer mitochondrial membrane allowing cytochrome C into the cytosol, cytochrome c activates proapoptotic factors to activate proteolytic enzymes (capsases). capsases cleave key proteins leading to morphologicl and biochemical changes of apoptosis |
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Term
| what happens in Fe deficient anemia |
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Definition
| Fe is in the ETC so a defect would lead to faulty ETC and tiredness |
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