Term
| describe the structure of phospholipids |
|
Definition
| alcohol with a phosphodiester bond to diacylglycerol or sphingosine |
|
|
Term
| describe the polarity of phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the prodominate lipid of cell membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of the hydrophoic portions of phospholipids |
|
Definition
| glycolipids, proteins, cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of membrane phospholipids |
|
Definition
| reservoir for intracellular messengers and anchors for proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of non-membrane bound phospholipids |
|
Definition
| components of lung surfactant and essential components of bile acting as a detergent to solublilze cholestrol |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of a glycosphingolipid |
|
Definition
| glycerol back bone, 2 fatty acyl groups on C1 and C2, phosphate on C3 |
|
|
Term
| what is the simplest glycerophospholipid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for glycerophospholipid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are all phosphoglycerides a derivative of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of sphingophospholipids |
|
Definition
| sphingosine backbone, long chain FA at carboxyl (palmotyl CoA), long chain FA at amino that is desaturated, phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| what is a sphingosine composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are all phosphoglycerides formed from |
|
Definition
| phosphatidic acid with alcohol esterified to the carbon-3-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what alcohols can be esterified to the carbon-3-phosphate of phosphoglycerides |
|
Definition
| serine, ethanolamine, choline, inositol, glycerol |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of a plasmalogen |
|
Definition
| FA at C2 is repalced by an unsaturated alkyl group attached by an ether rather than an ester link |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of platlet activating factor |
|
Definition
| unusual ether glycerophospholipid, saturated alkyl group eith ether link to C1, acetyl residue at C2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of platlet activating factor |
|
Definition
| binds to surface receptors, triggers potent thromboitic and acute inflammatory events, activates imglammatory cells and mediates hypersensitivity, acute inflammation, anaphylactic reactions |
|
|
Term
| what does platlet activating factor cause to happen (in other cells) |
|
Definition
| platlets to aggregate and degranulate, neutrophils and alveolar macrophages to generate superoxide radicals |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of superoxide radicals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of cardiolipin |
|
Definition
| two PA molecules esterified through phosphates to molecule of glycerol |
|
|
Term
| where is cardiolipin found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is cardiolipin in eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cardiolipin |
|
Definition
| meintience of respiratory complexes of electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| what is cardioipin recognized by, what does that make it |
|
Definition
| it is antigenic, recognized by antibodies raised against treponema pallidum |
|
|
Term
| what does treponemia pallidum cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of sphingomyelin |
|
Definition
| sphingosine backbone, unsaturated 16 C FA at C3, long chain FA at amino through amide link, C1 of spingosine esterified to phosporylcholine |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of sphingomyelin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is sphingomyelin a precursor for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only significant sphingophosphilipid in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleotide cytidine diphosphate |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways you can activate an intermediate in phospholipid synthesis |
|
Definition
donation of phosphatidic acid from CDP diacylglycerol to alcohol.
donation of phosphomonoester of alcohol from CDP alcohol to 1,2-DAG |
|
|
Term
| what is released as a side product of glycerophospholipid synthesis |
|
Definition
| cistidine monophosphate (CMP) |
|
|
Term
| where are most phospholipids made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after made, where do phospholipids go |
|
Definition
| organells, plasma membrane, secreted to cell exterior by exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the precursor for many phosphoglycerides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what substrates do you need to make PA |
|
Definition
| glycerol phosphate and two fatty acyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| what is the only cell that cannot make phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the must abundent phospholipids in eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the steps in producing PE and PC from pre-existing pools |
|
Definition
1. kinase phosphorlyation of choline or ethanolamine
2. convert activated form CDP-choline. ethanolamine
3. choling-phosphate or ethanolamine-phosphate is transfered to a molecule is transfered to a molecule of diacylglycerol |
|
|
Term
| what phospholipids can the liver make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you form PC from PE or PS in the liver |
|
Definition
| PC from serum lipoproteins is secreted as bile, PS dis decarboxylated to PE by PS decarboxylase, PE is methlyated 3 times to make PC |
|
|
Term
| what does PS decarboxylase need to work |
|
Definition
| pyridoxal phosphate coenzyme |
|
|
Term
| why do we need to reutilize choline |
|
Definition
| de novo synthesis of choline in humans is not enough, choline is an essential nutrient, choline is used for synthesis of acetylcholin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, what is its function |
|
Definition
| surfactant that decreases surface tension in lungs, reduces pressure needed to imflate aveoli, prevents alveolar collapse |
|
|
Term
| what is another word for aveolar collapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of DPPC |
|
Definition
| palmitate at positions 1 and 2 on glycerol |
|
|
Term
| what is the major lipid component of lung surfactant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes respiratory distress syndrome |
|
Definition
| insufficient lung surfactant |
|
|
Term
| how can lung formation in babies be accepelated |
|
Definition
| mother takes glucocorticoids shortly before delivery |
|
|
Term
| how can respiratory distress syndrome be treated |
|
Definition
| natural or synthetic surfactant |
|
|
Term
| how can fetal lung matirity be gauged |
|
Definition
| measuring DPPC, sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| what does a ratio of 2 or higher mean in lung maturity |
|
Definition
| mature, sphingomyelin synthesis has shifted to DPPC in pneumocytes |
|
|
Term
| where does lung maturity usually occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why would an adult have RDS due to insufficient surfactant |
|
Definition
| surfactant making pneumocytes are damaged by infection or trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| base exchange reaction between ethanolamine of PE and free serine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is PS production reversible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of PI |
|
Definition
| steric acid at C1 and archidonic acid on C2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of PI |
|
Definition
| resivour of arachidonic acid in membranes and substrate of prostaglandin synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free inositol and CDP-diacylglycerol |
|
|
Term
| describe the role of PI in signal transduction |
|
Definition
| phosphorlyation of membrane bound phosphatidylinositol makes polyphosphoinositides, degration of PIP2 by phospholipase C in response to a variety of neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors binding receptors, produces IP3 and DAG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycosylphosphatidylinositol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covalent link between protein and Pi via a carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of GPI |
|
Definition
| bind cell surface proteins, anchor proteins allowing them to increase lateral mobility on surface of plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| where are cell surface proteins bound by GPI found |
|
Definition
| in parasitic protozoans like trypanosomes and leishmania |
|
|
Term
| how can a protein be cleaved rom a GPI anchor |
|
Definition
| cleaved by phospholipase C releasing diacylglycerol |
|
|
Term
| what does a deficiency in GPI cause |
|
Definition
| hemolutic disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in hematopoietic cells |
|
|
Term
| how is phospharitylglycerol and cardiolipin made |
|
Definition
| CDP diacylglycerol and glycerol 3 phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what is cardiolipin made from |
|
Definition
| 2 phosphatidic acid connected by glycerol |
|
|
Term
| what is the precursor for cardiolipin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is phosphatidylglycerol found in large amounts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the process of making cardiolipin |
|
Definition
| transfer of diacylglycerophosphate from CDP diacylglycerol to a pre-existing molecule of phosphatidylglycerol |
|
|
Term
| how is sphingomyelin made |
|
Definition
| palmitoyl CoA condenses with serine, CoA and CO2 released |
|
|
Term
| what does reduction in sphingomyelin production, what is the product at this point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what coenzyme do you need to make sphingomyelin, where does it come from |
|
Definition
| pyrdoxal phosphate, vitamin B6 derivative |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of sphingomyelin production |
|
Definition
1. sphingosine acylated at amino with a long chain FA desaturated to make cremide
2.phosphorylcholine from phosphatidylcholine is transfered to ceramide making sphingomyelin and DAG |
|
|
Term
| what is a major component of skin and regulates skin water permability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of FA does sphingomyelin of myelin sheath have |
|
Definition
| long chain like lingoceric acid, nervonic acid |
|
|
Term
| what FA does gray made sphingomyelin have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what degrades phosphoglcerides, where |
|
Definition
| phospholipases in all tissues and pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
| what things outside the body act as phospholipases |
|
Definition
| toxins and venoms, pathogenic bacteria use it to dissolve membranes and spread infection |
|
|
Term
| what is sphingomyelin degraded by, what is it classified as |
|
Definition
| lysosomalphospholipase sphingomyelinase |
|
|
Term
| what do phospholipases do to the molecule |
|
Definition
| hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds |
|
|
Term
| what makes phospholipases specific |
|
Definition
| each cleaves the phospholipid at a specific spot |
|
|
Term
| what are the major enzymes that degrade phospholipids |
|
Definition
| phospholipase A1, A2, C, D |
|
|
Term
| what does lysophospholipase need as a substrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is lysphosphoglyceride made |
|
Definition
| removal of FA at C1 oe C2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the secondary functions of phospholipases |
|
Definition
| remodel phospholipids, release molecular messengers like DAG, iP3 or substrates for synthesis of messengers |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a substrate for synthesis of messengers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do phospholipase A1 and A2 do |
|
Definition
| remove specific FA from membrane bound phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| what replaces after A1 and A2 do its job, what enzyme facilitates this |
|
Definition
| alternative FA using acyl CoA transferse |
|
|
Term
| how can unique lung surfactant be made |
|
Definition
| replacing with alternativie FA after using A1 and A2 phospholipases |
|
|
Term
| what degrades sphingomyelin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does sphingomyelinase come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does sphingomyelinase do its job, what happens to the product to complee degredation |
|
Definition
| hydrolytically removes phosphorylcholine leaving ceramide which is cleaved by cermidase into sphingosine and FA |
|
|
Term
| what can released sphingosine and FA function in, how |
|
Definition
| regulate signal transduction pathways by influencing activity of protein kinase C by phosphorlyating its substrates, promote apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| what type of inheritance is niemann-pick disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes niemann-pick disease |
|
Definition
| inability to degrade sphingomyelin |
|
|
Term
| what is deficnent in niemann-pick disease |
|
Definition
| sphingomyelinase a type of phosphilipase C |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of type A neimann-pick disease |
|
Definition
| lipid deposits in liver and spleen, liver and spleen enlarged, sphingomyelin cannot be degraded, severe infantile |
|
|
Term
| what happens to infants with severe lysosomal storage disease, why |
|
Definition
| rapid neurodegeneration due to sphingomyelin in CNS deposition causing early death |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of type C niemann-pick disease |
|
Definition
| little to no damage to neural tissue, lungs spleen liver and bone marrow affected making it chronic, life expectancy to adulthood |
|
|
Term
| what population is more likley to have type A neimann pick disease |
|
Definition
| ashkenazi jewish population |
|
|
