Term
| Give the cell hierarchy (smallest to biggest, 6 of them): |
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Definition
- The inorganic precursers
- Metabolites
- Building Blocks
- Macromolecules
- Supramolecular complexes
- Organelles
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Term
| Give some examples of Inorganic Precursors: |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, nitrogen, nitrate |
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Term
| Give some examples of Metabolites |
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Definition
| pyruvate, citrate, succinate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid |
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Term
| What are some examples of Building Blocks? |
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Definition
| amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol |
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Term
| Give some examples of Macromolecules |
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Definition
| proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids |
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Term
| Give some examples of Supramolecular Complexes |
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Definition
| ribosomes, cytoskeleton, multienzyme complexes |
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Term
| Give some examples of Organelles |
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Definition
| nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vacuole |
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Term
| Define Inorganic Precursors |
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Definition
| Things found in nature without biological systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that are products of biological metabolism. Made by organisms. |
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Term
| How do amino acids build proteins? |
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Definition
| The cell uses ATP to activate the amino acids. (tRNA + amino acid = aminacyl-tRNA - the chemically activated amino acid) Amino acids do not normally react without being activated because the carboxyl group is a poor electrophile and the reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable - entropy decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monomer units and precursers to macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymer units of building blocks, held together through covalent bonds. |
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Term
| Define supramolecular complexes |
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Definition
| various members of one or more classes of macromolecules comes together to form specific assemblies that serve important subcellular functions. Their structural integrity is maintained by noncovalent forces: hydrogen bonds, ionic attractions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions between macromolecules. (You can start to see these by electron microscopy - and sometimes light microscopy) |
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Term
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Definition
| They are cellular inclusions found only in eukaryotic cells, usually membrane bound, and are dedicated to important cellular tasks. (Can be seen by visual microscopy) |
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Term
| Biological Macromolecules that are polymers are _________, __________, and __________, while _________ are made up of simpler molecules. |
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Definition
| proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids |
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Term
| How do amino acids build proteins? |
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Definition
| They are activated by ATP used by the cell. tRNA attaches to the 3' prime end of the amino acid, causing it to become a good electrophile. (Originally, the carboxyl group on the amino acid is a poor electrophile, and the reaction between two amino acids is thermodynamically unfavorable -entropy decreases. Aminacyl-tRNA is the chemically activated form of an amino acid) |
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Term
| Polysaccharides are built by combining the _____ of one _______ to the _______ of the next ________ in the polymer |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ have a sense to their structure. The sequential order of their component building blocks has the capacity to specify information. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the weak forces chemical forces (4 of them): |
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Definition
- Van der Waals interactions
- Hydrogen bonds
- Ionic interactions
- Hydrophobic interactions
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Term
| The purpose of Weak Chemical Forces is? |
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Definition
| to maintain biological structure and determine biomolecular interactions |
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Term
| Hydrogen bonds can form bonds with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an electonegative atom and a second electronegative atom that serves as the hydrogen bond acceptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionic bonds are the result of attractive forces between oppositely charges structures, such as negative carboxyl groups and positive amino groups. Ionic interactions can impart a high degree of structural specificity. |
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Term
| What are Van der Waal forces? |
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Definition
| induced electrical interactions between closely approaching atoms or molecules as their negatively charged electron clouds fluctuate instantaneously in time. |
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Term
| What is structural complimentarity? |
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Definition
| Lock and key: it is the ability for one molecule, or protein, or macromolecule, etc., to recognize another that it can form a weak chemical bond with based on their complementary structures. |
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