Term
| Protein subunits in a multisubunit protein are held to each other primarily by |
|
Definition
Hydrophobic effect
Hydrogen bonding
Charge-charge interactions
Disulfide bonds
Metal ions |
|
|
Term
In a typical eukaryotic plasma membrane
A) lipids can move and diffuse laterally through the bilayer.
B) proteins can span the bilayer.
C) some lipids can rotate within the bilayer.
D) oligosaccharides face outward, not toward the cytosol.
E) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A fatty acid designated as 20:0 is ________, while one that is designated 20:3 D5,8,11 is ________.
A) complex; simple
B) unsaturated; saturated
C) monounsaturated; polyunsaturated
D) simple; complex
E) saturated; polyunsaturated |
|
Definition
| saturated, polyunsaturated |
|
|
Term
| What are the protein primary structures? |
|
Definition
amino acid sequence
determines all other levels of structure |
|
|
Term
| What are protein secondary strucures? |
|
Definition
Folded primary structure
alpha helix
beta pleated sheets
loops and turns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —discrete, independently folded units of secondary structure and/or motifs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| super-secondary structures, eg. Helix-loop-helix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| --3-dimensional shape of polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| --3-dimensional shape of multiple interacting polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The 2monomers each of Hb a and b polypeptides are arranged symmetrically to form a functional tetramer. |
|
|
Term
________ are the simplest lipids but they may be a part of or a source of many complex lipids.
A) Carbohydrates
B) Terpenes
C) Waxes
D) Triglycerols
E) Fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances that readily dissolve in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-polar substances do not dissolve in water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have polar and non-polar ends. |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids are zwitterions |
|
Definition
| —dipolar, charged @ physiological pH |
|
|
Term
| Only ______ are found in proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positively (basic) Charged Amino acids |
|
Definition
LAH Bae
Lysine Arginine Histamine |
|
|
Term
| Negatively (acidic) Charged Amino Acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hydroxylated AA that can be Phosphorylated (-PO4)— |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glaciers in Alaska Penetrate Various Isolated Locals
Glycine, Alanine, Proline, Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asp 3.9, Glu 4.1, Arg 12.5, His 6, Cys 8.4, Tyr 10.5, Lys 10.5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sigmoidal, indicating positive cooperativity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mb vs Hb oxygen release at tissues |
|
Definition
| At tissues Hb releases most of its oxygen, while Mb holds onto its oxygen |
|
|
Term
| 2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is allosteric regulator of Hb |
|
Definition
| Lowers the affinity of Hb for oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Free protons lower intracellular RBC pH.
At lower pH, Hb affinity for oxygen is reduced. Hb will release oxygen more readily at tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| further reduces Hb oxygen affinity because some CO2 binds directly to the terminal amino groups of the Hb monomers, stabilizing Hb structure |
|
|
Term
Another name for facilitated diffusion is ________.
A) transverse diffusion
B) active transport
C) passive transport
D) lateral diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes? |
|
Definition
| Broadens the temperature range of optimum membrane fluidity. |
|
|
Term
| Proline is distinct among the 20 commonly found amino acids because |
|
Definition
| the nitrogen of the amino group is in a ring. |
|
|
Term
| In signal transduction what is an effector enzyme? |
|
Definition
| A protein bound on the interior of a cell membrane that generates a second messenger. |
|
|
Term
Which statement is not true about the peptide bond?
A) Rotation is restricted about the peptide bond.
B) The carbonyl oxygen and the amide hydrogen are most often in a trans configuration with respect to one another.
C) The peptide bond is longer than the typical carbon-nitrogen bond.
D) The peptide bond has partial double-bond character.
E) The peptide bond doesn’t ionize between pH 2 and 12 |
|
Definition
| E) The peptide bond doesn’t ionize between pH 2 and 12 |
|
|
Term
Allosteric modulators seldom resemble the substrate or product of the
enzyme. What does this observation show? |
|
Definition
| Modulators likely bind at a site other than the active site. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrogen bonds can occur when hydrogen is covalently bonded to atoms like nitrogen and oxygen. What property of nitrogen and oxygen is important for this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What distinguishes reversible inhibitors from irreversible inhibitors? |
|
Definition
Reversible inhibitors are not covalently bound to enzymes but irreversible inhibitors are.
There is an equilibrium between bound and unbound reversible inhibitor.
Reversible inhibitors are easier to separate from solutions of enzymes than irreversible inhibitors. |
|
|
Term
| Molecules that are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic are ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are similarity between active transport proteins and enzymes? |
|
Definition
Both can reach a saturation limit.
Both undergo conformational changes upon binding a substrate.
Both are susceptible to inhibition. |
|
|
Term
| Triacylglycerols cannot form lipid bilayers because they |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The overall shape of a globular protein is predominantly influenced by |
|
Definition
| amino acid R group properties. |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid is ideal for the transfer of protons within the catalytic site of enzymes due to the presence of significant amounts of both the protonated and deprotonated forms of its side chain at biological pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Michaelis constant, Km, is equal to the ________. |
|
Definition
| substrate concentration when the rate is equal to half its maximal value |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following methods are used to regulate enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
Covalent modification
Competitive inhibition
Allosteric regulation
Synthesis and degradation of the enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Buffers are said to be most effective within one pH of the pKa. What is the basis for this general rule? Explain in terms of a titration curve. |
|
Definition
| Titration curves reveal that the most effective buffering indicated by the region of minimum slope on the curve occurs when the concentrations of weak acid and conjugate base are equal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio of the conjugate base to weak acid {[A-]/[HA]} when the pH is one unit above the pKa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would happen to the peptide if you treated it with Trypsin? |
|
Definition
| cleaves peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine |
|
|
Term
| Sterols are steroids which have |
|
Definition
| a hydroxyl group at position C-3. |
|
|
Term
Lipid-anchored membrane proteins that link to an isoprenoid chain via the sulfur atom of cysteine
are called ________ proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the adenyl cyclase signaling pathway the second messenger(s) is(are) ________ and target is |
|
Definition
cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP
PKA |
|
|
Term
| In the adenyl cyclase signaling pathway the transducer is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the adenyl cyclase signaling pathway the Effector enzyme is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Inositol phospholipid signaling pathway the Effector enzyme is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Inositol phospholipid signaling pathway the second messengers are and target is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower pH, cause her hemoglobin to bind oxygen more or less tightly? |
|
Definition
| Cause Hb to bind to O2 less tightly bc free protons(lower pH) reduce O2 affinity. |
|
|
Term
| how would you expect rapid breathing to affect blood pH and hemoglobin oxygenation? |
|
Definition
| Rapid breathing causes loss a/C02 and hence loss a/carbonic acid increases blood pH. It has little effect on Hb oxygenation in the lung. |
|
|
Term
| Allistoric enzyme properties |
|
Definition
multiple subunit
subunits are interdependent
bind to allosteric site seperate from active site
sigmodial curve with positive cooperativity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| negative allosteric modulator |
|
Definition
| right shift, increase amount of substrate need to get product |
|
|
Term
| positive allosteric modulator |
|
Definition
| left shift, decrease amount of substrate needed to get product |
|
|
Term
| Define anion gap, how do you calculate it? |
|
Definition
Cations minus anions in serum, blood or urine. High anion gap indicates metabolic acidosis.
([Na+]) - ([Cl-] + [HCO3-]) |
|
|
Term
| A solution has a pH of 9. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pH at which an equivalent distribution of acid and base exist in solution |
|
|
Term
| A decrease of pH from 7.5 to 6.5 would cause which of the following? |
|
Definition
| A 10 fold increase in [H+] |
|
|
Term
| describe a universal property of buffers? |
|
Definition
| Buffers work best at the pH at which they are 50% dissociated |
|
|
Term
| What would the pH be if 0.67 equivalents of strong base (OH- ) was added to one equivalent of a weak acid (HA)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A low concentration of _____ in the ECF results in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pH of human blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the body get rid of acid? |
|
Definition
| CO2 from the lungs(fast) and NH4+ from the kidneys(slow) |
|
|
Term
| henderson-hasselbach equation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| waht is the effect of increasing the rate of breathing on pH |
|
Definition
| release more CO2, causes an increas e in pH |
|
|
Term
| what is the bicarbonate buffer system, what parts are enzymatic vs non-enzymatic |
|
Definition
H2O + CO2 ------> H2CO3 ---------> H+ + HCO3-
CA nonenzymtic
CA: carbonic anahydrase pKa = 6.1 |
|
|
Term
| bicarbonate buffer system equation |
|
Definition
pH= 6.1 + log[HCO3-]/[pCO2 x .03]
normal values:
HCO3 = 24mM
pCO2 = 40 mmHg or 1.2mM |
|
|
Term
| respiratory vs metabolic acidosis and alkilosis? |
|
Definition
lungs cannot remove CO2 therefore causing an increase in CO2 and decrease in pH
too much acid in the body fluids such as making too many ketone bodies
hyperventilating causes decrease in CO2 and increase in ph
increase in serum bicarbonat HCO3- causing an increase in pH |
|
|
Term
| If the pKa of a weak acid is 5, then at pH = 4, what percentage of the acid is protonated? |
|
Definition
| 10 fold decrease in pH so the ratio is 10:1 so 10/11= .90x100= 90% protonated |
|
|
Term
| As a result of extensive smoking for 40 years, Joe Camel has only one lung and diminished capacity in the other. What would you expect Joe’s blood gases to be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A patient has an intestinal overgrowth of bacteria that produce a large amount of free ammonia (NH3).
If the free ammonia was absorbed directly from his intestine into his blood, what would the effect be on blood pH? |
|
Definition
In the blood, NH3 acts as a base, binding H+ .
NH3 + H+ ↔ NH4+
Therefore, blood pH would increase as NH3 binds up free protons (blood less acidic). |
|
|
Term
| Di has a metabolic acidosis with a partial compensatory respiratory alkalosis. Explain what this means. |
|
Definition
| The breathing rate is partly controlled by pH via the hypothalamus. If the pH rises, you breathe more slowly, and if it drops, breathing rate increases to expel more CO2 . The patient is attempting to overcome her metabolic acidosis (overproduction of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) by increasing the pH of her blood bicarbonate buffer system. By breathing fast, she disposes of carbon dioxide more quickly, raising the blood pH. This is a compensatory mechanism, and doesn’t really solve the problem. Her body is producing tremendous amounts of the acidic “ketone bodies,” and breathing fast won’t be enough to compensate. She has a metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation, but compensation by breathing rapidly isn’t sufficient. She is still acidotic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Try Peeing aromatic Today!
Tyrosine, Phyenalalanine, Tryptophan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polar Grizzlys Ate Three Sissys!
Glutamine, Asparagine, Threonine, Serine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crytsal Meth sulferers
Cysteine, Methionine,
Cycsteine forms covalent bonds |
|
|
Term
| Renal Calculi is a result of |
|
Definition
cystinuria: defective transport protein
Dibasic amino acid cysteine |
|
|
