Term
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Definition
| to understand what it means to be alive at the molecular level |
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Term
| tyhe chemical unity of life |
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Definition
| all living things seem to be remarkably uniform at the molecular level |
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Term
| the 3 elements that make up 98% of the atoms in living organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| one reason O and H are so comon in living things |
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Definition
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Term
| importance of C in living things |
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Definition
| large biomolecules have C backbones |
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Term
| why C is better for life than Si is |
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Definition
because C-C bonds are more stable than Si-Si bonds
also because more energy is released when C-C bonds are broken than when Si-Si bonds are broken |
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Term
| the 4 classes of biomolecules |
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Definition
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-lipids
-carbohydrates |
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Term
| the composition of proteins |
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Definition
| amino acids linked by peptide bonds to form long, unbranched polymers |
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Term
| the building blocks of proteins |
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Definition
| amino acids (there's 20 of them) |
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Term
| what happens after the polypeptide chain of amino acids is synthesized? |
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Definition
| it folds into a protein with a precise 3d structure |
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Term
| some functions of proteins |
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Definition
-signal
-receptor
-structural
-mobility
-defense
-enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| usually proteins, these catalyze biochemical reactions |
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Term
| the 3d folding of a protein is dictated by... |
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Definition
| the sequence of amino acids in the protein |
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Term
| primary function of nucleic acids |
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Definition
| to store and transfer informaation |
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Term
| the building blocks of nucleic acids |
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Definition
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Term
| composition of a nucleotide |
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Definition
| made of a 5 carbon sugar attached to a heterocyclic ring structure called a base, and at least one phosphoryl group |
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Term
| the 2 types of nucleic acid |
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Definition
-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
-ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Term
| the interaction of DNA with RNA |
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Definition
| info from DNA is transcribed onto mRNA, which acts as a template for protein synthesis |
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Term
| what happens to mRNA after use? |
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Definition
| frequently gets broken doen |
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Term
| differences in composition of DNA and RNA |
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Definition
-RNA uses U instead of T
-in RNA, the sugar component of the ribonucleotides contains an extra -OH group |
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Term
| size of lipids compared to proteins and nucleic acids |
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Definition
| lipids tend to be a lot smaller |
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Term
| are lipids polymers composed of repeating monomers? |
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Definition
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Term
| a key characteristic of many biochemically important lipids |
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Definition
| their dual chemical nature; part being hydrophilic and the other part being hydrophobic |
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Term
| what the dual nature (part hydrophilic and part hydrophobic) nature of lipids makes possible |
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Definition
allows cells to form barriers that delineate the cell from its environment and to establish intracellular compartments
basically allows formation of inside and outside at the biochem level |
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Term
| why it's possible for a cell to form barriers that delineate the cell from its environment and to establish intracellular compartments |
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Definition
| because of the dual nature (part hydrophilic and part hydrophobic) nature of lipids |
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Term
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Definition
-forming membranes and compartments
-energy storage
-signaling |
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Term
| the most common carbohydrate fuel |
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Definition
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Term
| how glucose is stored in animals |
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Definition
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Term
| how glucose is stored in plants |
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Definition
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Term
| the structure of glycogen |
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Definition
many glucose molecules linked end-to-end, with occasional branches
starch has similar structure |
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Term
| some functions of carbohydrate chains |
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Definition
-energy storage
-cell-to-cell communication, such as helping cells recognize each other |
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Term
| the Central Dogma as described by Francis Crick |
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Definition
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Term
| the heritable information |
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Definition
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Term
| the discrete units of heredity in the genome |
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Definition
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Term
| enzymes that catalyze the DNA replication process |
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Definition
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Term
| how info from a gene becomes accessible |
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Definition
| gets transcribed onto RNA |
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Term
| enzymes that catalyzes transcription |
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Definition
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Term
| what defines the function of a cell or tissue? |
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Definition
| the genes that are expressed in that cell or tissue |
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Term
| info from DNA is transcribed onto... |
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Definition
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Term
| genetic info is realized in the process of... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| renders the genetic info into a functional form |
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Term
| where translation takes place |
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Definition
| large macromolecular complexes called ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| translates info from mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
| each cell is delineated by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lipid bilayer with the hydrophobic chains interacting with each other on the inside and the hydrophilic heads interacting with the environment |
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Term
| difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| eukaryotes have membrane-enclosed compartments and prokaryotes don't |
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Term
| structure of a prokaryotic cell wall |
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Definition
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Term
| the 2 biochemical features that constitute a cell |
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Definition
1: a barrier that separates the cell from its environment
2: an inside that is chemically different from the environment and that accommodates the biochemistry of living |
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Term
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Definition
| barrier between the cell and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the inner substance of the cell, the material that is surrounded by the plasma membrane |
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Term
| function of proteins in the plasma membrane |
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Definition
-facilitate the entrance of certain fuels and building blocks that need to enter
-transduce information |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that penetrate the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that don't penetrate the cell membrane |
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Term
| the cell wall of plants is made of... |
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Definition
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Term
| some important biochemical processes that occur in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
-initial stage of glucose metabolism
-fatty acid synthesis
-protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| network of structural filaments that organize the biochemistry of the cytoplasm |
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Term
| some types of filaments that occur in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes |
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Definition
-actin filaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules |
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Term
| some functions of the filaments in the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
-support the structure of the cell
-help to localize certain biochemical activities
-even serve as "molecular highways" by which molecules can be shuttled around the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound compartments within eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-the information center of the cell
-double-membrane-bound
-contains an organism's genome |
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Term
| function of pores in the nuclear membrane |
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Definition
| allow transpoirt into and out of the nucleus, such as the machinery needed for gene expression |
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Term
| the 2 membranes of the mitochondrion |
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Definition
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Term
| outer mitochondrial membrane |
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Definition
| in touch with the cytoplasm |
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Term
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Definition
| defines the matrix of the mitochondrion- mitochondrial equivalent of cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| mitochondrial equivalent of cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between the 2 membranes in a mitochondrion |
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Term
| what happens in mitochondria? |
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Definition
| fuel molecules undergo combustion into CO2 and water with the generation of ATP |
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Term
| how much energy is produced by the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| about 90% of a eukarytotic cell's energy |
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Term
| why CO and cyanide are so desadly |
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Definition
| because they disrupt the mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle in plant cells responsible for converting sunlight into useable energy |
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Term
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Definition
| basically a series of membranous sacs |
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Term
| important role of smooth ER |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to proteins synthesized by ribosomes that are floating freely in the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to proteins synthesized by ribosomes attached to the rough ER? |
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Definition
| they will either enter thru cellular membranes or be secreted from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| basically a series of stacked membranes |
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Term
| function of the Golgi complex |
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Definition
| sorting and further processing of proteins from the rough ER |
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Term
| something the rough ER does to some proteins that enter it |
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Definition
| add carbohydrates to that protein |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
formed when a vesicle filled with the proteins destined for secretion buds off the Golgi complex
dumps cargo into extracellular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| cell emptying some contents into extracellular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| taking small amounts of something into a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| taking large amounts of something into a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle that contains a wide array of digestive enzymes |
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Term
| some organelles unique to plants |
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Definition
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