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Biochem Block II Exam (Tulane SOM 2015) 3/3
Bichemistry Block II Set 3/3
41
Medical
Professional
10/05/2011

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Term
basic structure of heme
Definition
protoporphyrin-IX + Fe2+ (planar)
O2 and His residue stick up/down from planar molecule
Term
form of iron when carrying oxygen?
Definition
Fe2+, will not release oxygen to tissues in 3+ form
Term
Mb structure/ function
Definition
oxygen carrying molecule in cells
1 heme plus 8 alpha helices connected by bends
Term
structure of Hb subunit
Definition
similar to Mb but have hydrophobic patches that associates w/ other subunits in heterotetramer
Term
Kd
Definition
concentration at which 1/2 ligand sites are bound -> higher Kd = tighter binding
Term
metabolic effectss on O2 delivery
Definition
O2 binds less tightly at lower pH due to protonation and subsequent conformational change of His residue... metabolism produces lactic acid and increases O2 delivery
Term
carbaminohemoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin molecule + 4 CO2 molecules in readily reversible noncovalent adduct to transport back to lungs; forms/ disassembles based on CO2 concentrations
Term
2,3-bisphosphate
Definition
maintains T state by adding more ionic bonds, which lowers affinity for oxygen; higher levels in tissues at higher altitudes to achieve higher dump rate and maintain overall oxygen delivery
Term
HbF
Definition
lower affinity for BPG and higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb; alpha 2 gamma 2 structure
Term
HbE
Definition
embryonic hemoglobin produced early in embryonic development; epsilon 2 zeta2 structure
Term
JAK-STAT pathway
Definition
functions in erythropoeisis to call signaling that differentiates marrow cells into erythrocytes; EPO binds to this complex to initiate signaling pathway
Term
blood clot =
Definition
platelets + fibrin
Term
thromboxane A2
Definition
prostaglandin vasoconstrictor that activates GPIIa/GPIIb after synthesis by activated platelet; synthesis inhibited by low-dose aspirin
Term
protease Factor VII
Definition
"buddy" is tissue factor
Term
protease Factor IXa
Definition
"buddy" is Factor VIIIa
Term
Factor Xa
Definition
"buddy" is Factor Va
Term
Factor IIa (Thrombin)
Definition
down-regulating "buddy" is Thrombomodulin; once activated also activates V to Va and VIII to VIIIa, accelerating its own activity
Term
Protein Ca
Definition
"buddy" is Protein S
Term
intrinsic pathway
Definition
1. multiple intrinsic factors or factor VIIa/TF complex from extrinsic pathway activate IX to IXa
2. IXa + VIIIa activate X to Xa
Term
extrinsic pathway
Definition
1. trauma causes TF to activate VII to VIIa
2. VIIa + TF activate X to Xa
Term
common pathway
Definition
1. Xa + Va converts prothrombin to thrombin (Factor II to IIa)
2. Thrombin converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin (Factor I to Ia)
Term
prothrombinase complex components
Definition
Va + Xa + II (prothrombin)
Term
Factor XIII
Definition
converted by thrombin to XIIIa;
transglutaminase that covalently links Gln to Lys in aggregates of fibrin clot to form hard clot from soft clot
Term
calcium in clotting pathway
Definition
calcium covers phospholipids exposed by tissue damage; some coag factors post-translationally modified w/ gamma-carboxyl grps to bind w/ Ca -- leads to localization; gamma-carboxylation requires Vit K as a cofactor; Warfarin (Vit K analog) inhibits this process
Term
non-covalent inhibition of clot formation
Definition
tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
antithrombin III (ATIII)
proteins Z and ZPI
Term
covalent inactivation of protein cofactors
Definition
activated protein C (w/ protein S and thrombomodulin
Term
TFPI
Definition
binds Xa and "turns off" extrinsic pathway complex
Term
ATIII
Definition
type of serpin (serine protease inhibitor) binds irreversibly/inhibits Factors Xa, IIa, IXa, XIa; heparin stimulates this inactivation
Term
thrombomodulin (TM)
Definition
1. captures escaped thrombin
2. in absence of fibrinogen TM-thrombin complex converts Protein C to Ca
3. Protein Ca complexes w/ Protein S to inactivate Factor Va and Factor VIIIa
4. clotting is regulated
Term
tPA
Definition
tissue plasminogen activator-hydrolyzes plasminogen to plasmin
Term
alpha-2-antiplasmin
Definition
protein inhibitor of plasmin
Term
scu-PA
Definition
aka urokinase; exogenous protein that happens to hydrolyze plasminogen to plasmin
Term
plasmin
Definition
active protease that hydrolyzes fibrin
Term
antigen
Definition
foreign molecules bound selectively by antibodies
Term
immunogen
Definition
molecules that produce antibody production
Term
antigenic determinant
Definition
small region of a larger molecule that elicits production of specific antibody; aka epitope; may be only 6-7 AAs in proteins
Term
light chain types?
Definition
lambda or kappa
Term
5 classes of immunoglobulins
Definition
IgG- most abundant, fights microbes
IgA- mucosal secretions, external protection; may form dimer
IgM- forms pentamer; early in infection
IgD- leukocytes
IgE- immunity to parasites; allergies
correspond to 5 different heavy chain types; coupled w/ EITHER kappa or lambda
Term
immunoglobulin fold
Definition
two layers of beta-sheets with hydrophobic residues "sandwiched" together; type of super secondary structure; 7 and 9 sheet versions (antigen binding domain is 9 sheet version)
Term
hypervariable region
Definition
HVR is area of variability between aka complementarity determining region (CDR); relatively constant AA structures; form antigen binding site at top and center (cleft)
Term
ELISA
Definition
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; uses antibodies against antigen of interest to perform assay
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