Term
| Pentose phosphate pathway (purpose) |
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Definition
| Generates NADPH and pentose phosphate for nucleotides |
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Term
| Pentose phosphate pathway (phases) |
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Definition
| Oxidative and non-oxidative |
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Term
| Pentose phosphate pathway (rate limiting step) |
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Definition
| Redox of glucose-6-phosphate |
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Term
| Pentose phosphate pathway (regulation) |
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Definition
Inhibited by NADPH
Stimulated by insulin |
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Term
| Reactive oxygen species (problems) |
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Definition
| Interact with DNA to cause mutations, denature proteins |
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Term
| Reactive oxygen species (biologically) |
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Definition
| Phagocytes often form free radicals to destroy ingested microbes |
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Term
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency |
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Definition
| Resistance to malaria due to increased production of oxygen free radicals |
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Term
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
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Definition
Thiamine deficiency inhibits pentose phosphate pathway
Result: anemia |
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis (overall reaction) |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate + 6 atp + 2 nadh + water -> glucose |
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis (rate limiting step) |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate |
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis (regulation) |
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Definition
High blood glucose inhibits
PFK 1 and PFK 2 inhibit
Fructose bisphosphate stimulates
Glucagon stimulates
Glucose-6-phosphate stimulates |
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis (purpose) |
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Definition
| Synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrates (ex. proteins, amino acids) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Liver and skeletal muscle tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| One reducing end with multiple (chained) non-reducing age |
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Term
| Glycogen breakdown (enzymes) |
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Definition
| Two enzymes - three enzyme functions |
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Term
| Glycogen breakdown (process) |
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Definition
| Degrades chains until there are 4 glucose residues left - then three are transferred and the last is removed individually |
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Term
| Glycogen breakdown (rate limiting step) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glycogen breakdown (regulation) |
|
Definition
Glucagon stimulates phosphorylase A (active form)
Epinephrine stimulates
Glucose-6-phosphotASE stimulates |
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Term
| Glycogen synthesis (mechanism) |
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Definition
| Adds non-reducing ends by clipping off parts of longer existing chains |
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Term
| Glycogen synthesis (requirements) |
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Definition
| Requires glycogenin (primer) to start |
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Term
| Glycogen synthesis (rate limiting step) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glycogen synthesis (regulation) |
|
Definition
ATP inhibits
High blood glucose inhibits |
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Term
| Insulin (synthesis location) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type 1: lack functional b cells (cannot release insulin)
Type 2: decreased insulin sensitivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cause glucose from the blood to be absorbed |
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Term
|
Definition
Glut-2: allows glucose inside pancreatic b cells
Glut-4: is raised to the cell surface by insulin regulation |
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Term
| Insulin (what it regulates) |
|
Definition
| increases glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis |
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Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (process) |
|
Definition
| Repetitive endergonic and reductive condensations - two carbons at a time |
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Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (location) |
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Definition
| Cytosol (animals) and chloroplasts |
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Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (desaturation and elongation) |
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Definition
| In the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6 protein domains and 1 ACP domain |
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Term
| Fatty acid synthASE (genes) |
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Definition
| One gene in vertebrates; 2 genes in yeast; 7 genes in bacteria/plants |
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Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (rate limiting) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (overall reaction) |
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Definition
| Malonyl-CoA -> Palmitate (16 carbons) |
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Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (where is the NADPH input coming from) |
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Definition
| From liver, adipose tissue, chloroplasts |
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Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (regulation) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (purpose) |
|
Definition
Amount of glycogen that can be stored is limited
Glucose -> acetate -> fat |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can only be synthesized by plants |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Ketogenesis (when it happens) |
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Definition
| Fasting, diabetes, high fat diets |
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Term
| Ketogenesis (overall process) |
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Definition
| Fatty acid breakdown to synthesize ketone bodies |
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Term
|
Definition
High blood glucose inhibits
Acetyl-CoA stimulates |
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Term
|
Definition
Cause acetone breath, lowering of blood pH which can be lethal
(Particularly low carb diets) |
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Term
| Cholesterogenesis (input required) |
|
Definition
| Oxygen, acetyl-CoA, ATP, NADPH |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Cholesterogenesis (rate limiting) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cholesterogenesis (regulation) |
|
Definition
Insulin stimulates
Glucagon inhibits
Cholesterol inhibits |
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Term
| Cholesterogenesis (process) |
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Definition
| 4 rings synthesized from acetate |
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Term
| Cholesterogenesis (location) |
|
Definition
| Liver, intestines, adrenal cortex, gonads |
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Term
| Build up of cholesterol on BV walls |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport cholesterol, then broken down to IDL, LDL, then absorbed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carry cholesterol to the liver and out as bile salts |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cloudy after eating due to cholesterol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit LDL synthesis and increase LDL receptors |
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Term
| Triacylglycerol-fatty acid cycling |
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Definition
| Chylomicrons package dietary fatty acids and are eventually packaged to VLDL |
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Term
| Familial hypercholesterolemia |
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Definition
| Form xanthomas due to inability to absorb IDL or LDL |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit LDL receptors to cause a phenocopy of familial hypercholesterolemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Removal of aliphatic tail to link proteins to cell membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Receptor-triggered hydrolysis of phospholipase C to produce secondary messengers |
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Term
| Phosphoinositide cascade (examples) |
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Definition
| Glycogenlysis, histamine secretion, serotonin release, smooth muscle contraction, insulin secretion |
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Term
| Steroid hormone synthesis (input) |
|
Definition
| Oxygen and NADPH to free sterol center |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can cross plasma membranes to activate receptors that are transcription factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Act in blood vessel constriction, fever response, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Precursor is the target of ibuprofen (competitive inhibition) |
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Term
| Amino acid biosynthesis (substrates) |
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Definition
| Intermediates of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway |
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Term
| Amino acid biosynthesis (process) |
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Definition
| Transaminations, amidations, phenylalanine hydroxylase |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cannot be synthesized (must be obtained through diet) |
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Term
|
Definition
Made in urea cycle (from a-ketogluterate)
Kids require dietary supplements of this |
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Term
| Essential amino acids: Very many hairy little pigs live in the torrid Argentina |
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Definition
| Val, met, his, leu, phe, lys, ile, thr, trp, (arg) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Heme, chlorophyll, catalase, cytochromes |
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Term
|
Definition
| From glycine (animals) or glutamate (plants) plus tRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to make nicotinic acid, seratonin, auxin |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Catecholamines (tyrosine -> ?) |
|
Definition
Dopamine
Dopamine -> norepinephrine
Norepinephrine -> epinephrine |
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Term
|
Definition
Adenine and guanine
("Purely two rings") |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ribose-5-phosphate -> IMP |
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Term
| Purine synthesis (rate limiting) |
|
Definition
| Glutamine donates amine to activate sugar |
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Term
|
Definition
| Add aspartate and lyse fumerate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Oxidize and add amino from glutamine |
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Term
| IMP, AMP, GMP synthesis (regulation) |
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Definition
| Concerted negative feedback |
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Term
|
Definition
Cysteine, uracil, thymine
("You can CUT a py") |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbamoyl phosphate -> UMP |
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Term
| Pyrimidine synthesis (rate limiting) |
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Definition
| Condensing carbamoyl phosphate with aspartate |
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Term
| Pyrimidine synthesis (regulation) |
|
Definition
Inhibited by CMP
Stimulated by AMP |
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Term
| Reduction of ribonucleotides (enzyme) |
|
Definition
Ribonucleotide reductase - 2 allosteric sites
(Deficiencies are lethal, excesses are mutagenic) |
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Term
| Reduction of ribonucleotides (mechanism) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduction of ribonucleotides (regulation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduction of ribonucleotides (substrate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dUMP is methylated (methyl donor must be regenerated) |
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|
Term
| Nucleotide degradation (overall) |
|
Definition
| Catabolism of purines -> xanthine -> uric acid |
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|
Term
| Nucleotide salvage (substrate?) |
|
Definition
| Purines are hydrolyzed to form free bases |
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Term
| Nucleotide salvage (enzyme function) |
|
Definition
| Salvage free bases to add ribose and inorganic phosphates in one step |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inability to deaminate adenosine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Loss of enzymes that salvage bases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inability to dispose of uric acid after degradation |
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|
Term
| Ketone bodies (synthesis is stimulated by) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Change enzyme affinity for substrate
Fast
Local |
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Term
|
Definition
Activation/inactivation of enzyme
Fast
Global (multiple tissues)
ex. Insulin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Change in enzyme concentrations
Slow
Global
ex. Transcription factor hormones |
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|
Term
| End product inhibition (3 types) |
|
Definition
| Concerted inhibition, sequential inhibition, cumulative feedback inhibition |
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Term
|
Definition
Phosphorylation (glycogen synthesis)
Adenylation (glutamine synthesis) |
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Term
|
Definition
Gene expression
Enzyme turnover (half-life of enzymes) |
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|
Term
| Subcellular compartmentalization |
|
Definition
Sequester enzymes by compartmentalizing
Organ specialization |
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Term
|
Definition
| Signals that there's enough stored energy (fully sated) |
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|
Term
| Cholesterol synthesis (enzyme that controls rate) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| High blood sugar activates _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primes glycogen synthesis via a Tyrosine residue |
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|
Term
| Biosynthetic reactions are often (oxidative/reductive) and energy (requiring/yielding) |
|
Definition
| Reductive, energy requiring |
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|
Term
| Gluconeogenesis (cell location) |
|
Definition
| Both cytoplasm and mitochondria |
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