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Definition
| metabolic processes involved in the degradation of complex bio-molecules to provide energy for other processes (glycolysis) |
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Definition
| energy-requiring metabolic processes involved in the synthesis of complex biomolecules from simpler precursors (gluconeogenesis) |
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway that functions in both catabolism and anabolism |
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Term
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Definition
metabolic process where carbohydrate is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water; giving off energy that is used in the formation of ATP
this is not a single reaction - other processes or reactions must be involved
oxidations and reductions - electrons are precisely moved around; specialized electron carriers must be involved. |
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| The three main stages of cellular respiration and their locations |
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Definition
1. glycolysis - substrate level phosphorylation in the cytosol
2. krebs cycle - substrate level phosphorylation in the mitochondrion
3. electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation - oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrion (most adp) |
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Term
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Definition
- general starting point of respiration
- occurs in the cytoplasm
- anaerobic (does not require oxygen) |
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Definition
- mid-point of respiration
- occurs in mitochondrial matrix
- indirectly requires oxygen |
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Definition
- final stage of respiration
- occurs in mitochondrial cristae membranes
- requires oxygen |
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Term
| Glycolysis summary reaction |
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Definition
| Glucose + 2 ADP + 2P_i + 2NAD(+) ---> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H(+) + 2 H_2O |
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| Glycolysis reaction notes |
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Definition
- glucose is oxidized
- NAD(+) have been reduced
- some ATP produced
- glycolysis is anaerobic |
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Term
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Definition
- energy investment or priming stage
- glucose is phosphorylated twice and cleaved in half to form two glyceraldehyde-3p
- 2 ATP are consumed |
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Term
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Definition
- energy payoff stage
- glyceraldehyde-3p oxidized to pyruvate
- 4 ATP & 2 NADH are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| gate reactions that help trap hexoses within a cell because the large negatively charged phophates prevent it from crossing the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
commiting step or reaction that once past this point molecules are committed to pass through glycolysis
- a key point in regulation |
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Definition
| can easily cut the c3-c4 bond on hexoses after they have a phosphate group on both ends |
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| energy payoff of glycolysis |
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Definition
two gald-3p are converted to pyruvate producing 2 NADH and 4 ATP
- note substrate level phosphorylation |
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Term
| Possible pyruvate destinations |
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Definition
- TCA cycle where they are oxidized to produce more NADH and ATP (Preferred)
- Lactic acid fermentation where they are reduced to form lactic acid and NAD(+)
- alcoholic fermentation where it is reduced to form ethanol and NAD(+)
+ in lack of oxygen more NADH can be created through the citric acid cycle |
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Term
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Definition
- allows regeneration of NAD(+) so that glycolysis can continue to produce some ATP
- especially important in over-exercised muscles
- other acids can be produced |
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Term
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Definition
reaction: pyruvate --pyruvate decarboxylase--> CO2 + acetaldehyde --alcohol dehydrogenase--> ethanol
-ethanol in the liver will result in the production of NADH which in turn inhibits glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation resulting in fat accumulation in the liver (cirrhosis) and loss of function
- hangover is ethanol going back tko acetaldehyde |
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Term
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Definition
- present in all organisms
- one of the oldest metabolic processes evolutionarily
- oxygen is not directly required which was important for first organisms where the early atmosphere had no oxygen
- subjected to regulation |
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Term
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Definition
- normally cells maintain homeostasis - ATP availability must be relatively constant
- cells must respond to changing conditions (ie. produce more/less ATP when required)
- ernergy charge is an important regulatory parameter |
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Definition
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Term
| fructose-1,6P_2 regulates... |
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Definition
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Term
| AMP, ADP, ATP regulates... |
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Definition
- AMP stimulates phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
- ADP stimulates phosphofructokinase
- ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits phosphofructokinase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates phosphofructokinase |
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Term
| Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate regulation |
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Definition
high glucose causes Fructose-6P + ATP ---> Fructose-2,6P_2 + ADP
- PFK-2 is the enzyme
- if glucose is low then F-2,6P_2 is the enzyme for the reverse reaction |
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