Term
| Water-insoluble and hydrophobic organic molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hydrophobic barrier of cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of lipids in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| digestion of lipids start where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 enzymes are used in the stomach to aid in lipid digestion? |
|
Definition
gastric lipase
lingual lipase |
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipases break down TAGs into what? |
|
Definition
2 monoacylglycerols
free fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic lipase is a (endocrine/exocrine) function of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is an anti-obesity drug which inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polar molecules surround the lipid molecule and protects it as it flows through the polar environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulsification is aided by the release of __ __ from the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ formation is used when the lipids have to get through a polar environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presence of lipids in the small intestine causes production of a small peptide hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK causes what three things? |
|
Definition
gall bladder to release bile
pancreas to release digestive enzyme
decrease in gastric motility |
|
|
Term
| from the intestine activates pancreas to buffer the pH of stomach chyme? (enzyme) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are formed when newly synthesized TAGs and cholesteryl esters must be packaged by polar molecules such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and alipoprotein B-48 to stabilize and increase solubility of the hydrophobic fats and particles on the inside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breakdown of TAGs in chylomicrons in areas such as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and adipose tissue? (enzyme) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase lipids in the feces due to lipid malabsorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of steatorrhea are? |
|
Definition
disturbances in lipid digestion or absorption
conditions such as cystic fibrosis and short bowel syndrome |
|
|
Term
what deficiency is this?
lack of proteins needed to break down fat molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| triglyceride levels are elevated because the LPL cannot break them down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess of chylomicrons in the blood because the LPL cannot break them down further? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hydrophobic, hydrocarbon chain with an amphipathic nature due to ionized terminal carboxyl group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ portion of the chain is predominant in long-chain fatty-acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most FAs in humans are what two kinds of fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the longer the chain on a fatty acid is the more polar it is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composed of glycerol (1,2,3-trihydroxypropane) and 3 fatty acids to form a triester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 essential fatty acids from plant sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The de novo synthesis of FAs occurs where? |
|
Definition
liver
lactating mammary glands
adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| Where does acetyl CoA come from in de novo fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
oxidation of pyruvate in the TCA cycle.
When ATP is high acetyl CoA does not continue into the TCA cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Where does NADPH come from in de novo synthesis? |
|
Definition
| supplied by the pentose phosphate pathway |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting step of de novo synthesis of fatty acid? |
|
Definition
| carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme and co enzyme is used for the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in de novo fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
ACC ( acetyl CoA carboxylase)
biotin |
|
|
Term
| ACC and fatty acid synthase is short term activated by? |
|
Definition
| citrate and insulin dephosphorylated |
|
|
Term
| ACC and fatty acid synthase is short term inacitvated by? |
|
Definition
AMP-activated protein kinase
epinephrine
glucagon |
|
|
Term
| ACC and fatty acid synthesis is long term activated by? |
|
Definition
| increased insulin response |
|
|
Term
| what is the end product of fatty acid synthess? |
|
Definition
palmitate
16 carbon saturated fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| Palmitate is produced in fatty acid synthesis by what molecule giving the 4 carbon saturated fatty acid butyryl-ACP 2 carbons 5 different times? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: In de novo fatty acid synthesis NADPH is necessary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the body can palmitate be further elongated in using NADPH and malonyl CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three things does palmitate use to become unsaturated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In TAG synthesis what is the initial acceptor molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TAG cannot be synthesized de novo when what is low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme used to bind fatty acid to CoA for TAG synthesis? |
|
Definition
| fatty acyl CoA synthetase |
|
|
Term
| Where are most of the TAGs stored for later mobilization? |
|
Definition
| white adipose tissue (WAT) |
|
|
Term
| What two enzymes hydrolyze TAGs for mobilization purposes? |
|
Definition
adipose triglyceride lipase
hormone sensitive lipase |
|
|
Term
| Hormone sensitive lipase converts diacyglycerol to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High insulin does what to hormone sensitive lipase? |
|
Definition
| dephosphorylates it and inactivates it |
|
|
Term
| HSL is activated by phosphorylation through a -___ ____ after catecholamine binding to cell receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: glucagon activates HSL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: glycerol is shuttled to the pancreas for phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids bind to __ ___ and transported to the tissues for oxidation in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beat oxidation of FAs occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate limiting step of the carnitine shuttle is with what enzyme? |
|
Definition
| carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) |
|
|
Term
| High levels of what associated with fatty acid synthesis inhibits CPT-1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CPt-1 is used to connect ___ ___ ___ to the carnitine therefore it can go through the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the action of CPT-1 what gets cleaved off from fatty acyl CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carnitine shuttle produces what three things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: medium chain fatty acids are water soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very long fatty acid chains over 22 carbons, undergo preliminary oxidation where before associating with carnitine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: fatty acids with an odd number of carbons cannot be oxidized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does ketogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
| important sources of energy for the peripheral tissues, especially during fasting |
|
|
Term
| Rate limting step of ketogenesis involves what enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HMG CoA synthase is used to produce what in ketogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Acetoacetate cannot be used to form other ketone bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With diabetic ketoacidosis increased __ production gives an odor to the breath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates ketogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what inactiavtes ketogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With cholesterol synthesis HMG CoA synthase is used to form ___ ___ from acetly CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With cholesterol synthesis what enzyme is the major control point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inactivates HMG CoA reductase? |
|
Definition
Amp activated protein kinase
glucagon
sterol levels
stating drugs (competitive inhibitor) |
|
|
Term
| What activates HMG CoA reductase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After cholsterol synthesis some cholesterol can be converted into __ ___? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: humans can digest cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| false (has to be converted into bile salts) |
|
|
Term
| With cholesterol synthesis what is used as an emulsifying agent in the intestine due to their polar and nonpolar faces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are bile salts synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (gallstones) may be due to excess cholesterol compared to what can be solubilized by the bile salts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complexes of lipids and apolipoproteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the least dense, largest size, and highest percentage of TAGs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smallest and most dense TAGs? |
|
Definition
| high density lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Gradual deposition of lipoprtoeins in tissue contributes to __? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthesized and secreted by adrenal cortex, ovaries, placenta, and testes? |
|
Definition
corticosteroids
sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| Corticosteroids and sex hormones are transported by? |
|
Definition
| plasma proteins in the blood |
|
|
Term
| release in response to severe stress through hypothalamic control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone increase GNG, inflammatory/immune response? |
|
Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH |
|
|
Term
| released due to changes in plasma Na+/K+ ratio and angiotensin II hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates sodium and water uptake in the kidney tubules to increase blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates spermatogenesis and promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone controls menstrual cycle, promote female secondary sex characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is responsible for secretory phase of uterus and mammary glands, implantation and maturation of fertilized ovum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amino acid pool is supplied by what three things? |
|
Definition
degraded and reutilized endogenous proteins
exogenous (dietary proteins)
nonessential amino acids |
|
|
Term
| The amino acid pool is depleted by? |
|
Definition
body protein synthesis
synthesis of other nitrogen compounds
conversions of AAs to other molecules |
|
|
Term
| Simultaneous synthesis and degradation of protein molecules. In healthy fed adults this should be equal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types ofproteins have the longest half-life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of protein have the shortest half-life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What 2 enzymes are used to degrade the protein turnover?
Which one is selective? |
|
Definition
ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome system of the cytosol (selective)
ATP-independent degradative system of the lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| In gastric digestion what is used to denature the proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a proenzyme in gastric digestion that is activated to pepsin to release peptides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptides enter the small intestine to be cleaved into what two things via endo- and exo- peptidases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: In pancreatic digestion of proteins the enzymes are not specific to different R groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of of pancreatic secretion such as with what disease? lead to incomplete digestion and steatorrhea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concentration of amino acids is higher in __ than the __ __? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: transamination occurs in all cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic step of transamination? |
|
Definition
| APLHA amino group+ ALPHA ketoglutarate-->glutamate |
|
|
Term
| T or F: In transamination the reactions are irreversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two enzymes that are aminotransferases? |
|
Definition
alanine aminotransferase
aspartate aminotransferase |
|
|
Term
| Both of the aminotransferase require a coenzyme called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Liver disease will demonstrate a decrease in alanine aminotransferase (forms pyruvate and glutamate) and aspartate aminotransferase (forms aspartate for the urea cycle). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High levels of what is needed to favor glutamate synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic step of oxidative deamination? |
|
Definition
| removes amino groups as free ammonia (NH4+/NH3); produces ALPHA-keto acids |
|
|
Term
| T or F: after a protein rich meal oxidative deamination is favorable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamate is rapidly deaminated by what enzyme using either NAD+ or NADPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In glutamine synthesis what enzyme is used to produce glutamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With glutamine synthesis what two molecules are combined to form glutamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After glutamine synthesis glutamine can be transported in the blood to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the glucose-alanine cycle for transport what is transaminated into alanine so it can be transported in the blood to the liver where it can be converted back? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pyruvate transported in the glucose-alanine cycle is used in what cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The urea cycle is produced where in the body then transported to where in the body for excretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the urea cycle the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia and bicarbonate by what enzyme? |
|
Definition
| carbamoyl phosphate synthestase |
|
|
Term
| How many ATP does the formation of carbamoyl phosphate in the urea cycle use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic steps of the urea cycle? |
|
Definition
Ammonia+bicarbonate--> carbamoyl phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate+ornithine--> citruline
Citruline+Aspartate--> argininosuccinate
Argininosuccinate--> arginine
Arginine--> ornithine |
|
|
Term
| What is produce in the urea cycle? |
|
Definition
in the step of argininosuccinate to arginine forms fumarate
Urea is produced from arginine to ornithine |
|
|
Term
| What is regenerated in the urea cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP is used in the urea cycle and what steps? |
|
Definition
-2 ATP from ammonia+bicarbonate--> carbamoyl phosphate
-1 ATP from Aspartate--> argininosuccinate |
|
|
Term
| In the ureac cycle where does ammonia come from? |
|
Definition
high protein diets
catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in skeletal muscle to plasma glutamine
Amines from the diet as well as hormones or neurotransmitters
Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines |
|
|
Term
| Higher than normal levels of ammonia in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compromise to ___ function can cause hyperammonemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the acquiree cause of hyperammonemia? |
|
Definition
| liver disease such as alcohol-related cirrhosis impairing portal circulation |
|
|
Term
| Congenital cause of hyperammonemia? |
|
Definition
| genetic deficiency of 1 or more enzymes of the urea cycle |
|
|
