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Biochem 2
chapter 19
24
Chemistry
Undergraduate 4
04/24/2008

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Term

Summarize the ATP-ADP cycle including the types of fuels used and the work accomplished.

Definition

ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP .  This releases -7.3 Kcal/mol  The high energy bond is due to the repulsion of the multiple negatively charged phospate groups.

Term
In words, what is delta-G?
Definition
the change in Gibbs free energy/ The maximujm amount of useful energy generated by a reaction
Term
What is a high energy bond? Given the structure of ATP, identify the high energy bonds.
Definition

A bond containing -7 Kcal.mol or greater.  Its located between phosphate groups 1 and 2 and 2 and 3 in atp.

Term

Understand the difference between delta-G and delta-G0!?

Definition

Delta G is maximum amount of useful energy from a reaction.

 

delta G0' is energy generated with 1M concentrations, pH 7, H2O =55 M and 25 degrees celsius. its is also corrected for the energy that goes into entropy.

Term

Be able to explain how the free energy of ATP can be used to contract a muscle.

Definition

by releasing the myosin head, moving it down the actin filament, reattaching lower down, and pushing it along.

Term

Be able to explain how the free energy in ATP can be used by the Na+, K+-ATPase to pump sodium and potassium ions through a cell membrane.

Definition

by changing the conformation of membrane spanning pump protiens.

Term

Be able to explain how the free energy in ATP can be used to synthesize glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and phosphate even though this reaction is endergonic.

Definition

The energy present in the ATP is more than the energy needs of the reaction.  It overwhelms their resistance and forces the reaction along.

Term

Given two equations with the delta-G0! for each reaction, be able to add or subtract an equation and determine if the reaction as spontaneous.

Definition

A reaction with a negative delta Go' will be spontaneous. 

Term

Given the equation at the bottom of Table 19.2, be able to explain why delta-G can be positive while delta-G0! is negative and visa versa.

Definition

differnet conditions affect the nature of the reaction.  Delta Go" assumes standard conditions.

Term

What is the function of nucleoside monophosphokinases and nucleoside diphosphate kinase? Is it possible to have a high ratio of ATP to ADP and not have a high ratio of GTP to GDP?

Definition

they work like ATP but power specifc enzymes.  Yes

Term
 Be able to write the reaction for adenylate kinase
Definition
adp+adp-> amp+atp
Term

In addition to the nucleoside phosphates, be able to identify 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate, Phosphoenolpyruvate, Creatine phosphate, and Acetyl CoA as high energy compounds

Definition
fig 19.7 pg 350
Term

Be able to describe how the hydrocarbons in our diet are converted to CO2, H20, and ATP. Include the reduction and oxidation of coenzymes and the creation and use of proton gradients in your explanation.

Definition

carbohydrates are broken apart generating CO2 and H2O.  This process reduces NAD and FAD.  They then donate these electrons to O2 in the process creating a proton gradient that generates ATP

Term

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Definition

the generation of posphorylated ATP through the oxidation of Carbohydrates

Term

Describe three general ways that oxidation or reduction occurs in the body.

Definition

transfer of a hydrogen atom

direct addition of oxygen

direct donation of electrons.

Term
How do NAD+, FAD, and FMN function?
Definition
As electron acceptors
Term
What is an anaerobic pathway? What is anaerobic glycolysis?
Definition

non oxygen requiring

 

a method of fuel production that requires no oxygen

Term
What kind of reaction is catalyzed by cytochrome oxidase? What is oxidized and what is reduced?
Definition

 

Term

What kind of reaction is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase? What is oxidized and what is reduced? What do monooxygenases, hydroxylases, and mixed function oxygenase oxidases have in common

Definition

the transfer of electrons from a flavin to oxygen

flavin is oxydized oxygen is reduced

the incorporation of one or both atoms of oxygen into their substrate

Term

Assume a sudden loss of oxygen supply to a cell. Give a simple scenario (sequence of events) that might lead to cell death (necrosis) and release of enzymes. Use the terms hypoxia, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP concentration, active transport, intracellular Ca2+, swelling, permeability, and creatine kinase

Definition

Loss of oxygen leads to a loss of ATP and the osmotic gradients it creates.  This leads to swelling and ruptures

Term
Concerning Otto Shape, what are two general methods he could use to vary his daily fat storage?
Definition

eat less

 

excercise more

Term
Concerning Otto Shape, if his diet contained the same number of carbon atoms but he ate carbohydrates instead of alcohol and fat, would his weight change? Why?
Definition

yes

 

the bonds in alcohol and fat have different energy than the ones in carbohydrates

Term
Concerning X.S. Teefore who has hyperthyroidism, what is the major hormone secreted from his thyroid gland? What is the major hormone acting in target cells? What is the general effect of this hormone on the cells of the body?
Definition

T3

 

speeds up the generation of ATP and makes the body run less efficiently

Term
Concerning X.S. Teefore who has hyperthyroidism. Assume that he is eating at least the same amount of food as before he developed the disease, why is he loosing weight and why is he sweating?
Definition
decreased metabolic efficiency
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