Term
| Certain amino acids are nutritionally essential, and so are vitamins. In what way(s) do they differ? |
|
Definition
| The amino acids are chemically similar to each other; the vitamins are chemically diverse. Amino acids are organic compounds; vitamins are minerals. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements describe(s) vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Vitamins are essential nutrients |
|
|
Term
| 3. A healthy child of seven years is eating a balanced diet that includes adequate amounts of all essential nutrients. It supplies 12 grams of nitrogen per day. How much nitrogen is she excreting per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative nitrogen balance |
|
Definition
| Can result when the diet is deficient in protein |
|
|
Term
| 5. A man of 100 kg wants to lose weight. He therefore starts an exercise program that consumes an additional 90 kcal per day, but does not change his diet. How much weight can he expect to lose in 30 days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6. A female student is maintaining a constant weight of 62 kg by eating a diet that supplies 2000 kcal/day. Approximately how much of her energy is devoted to basal metabolic rate (BMR)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We use macronutrient conversion factors (kcal/g) used to calculate energy intake. For carbohydrate, fat, and protein, these are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What essential nutrient is given to chronic alcoholics intravenously in the event the patient requires emergency medical care due to malnutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solutions to be infused for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what way(s) does a solution for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) differ from one for naso-gastric feeding (fats=emulsified fatty acids)? |
|
Definition
| TPN solutions contain amino acids, naso-gastric solutions contain proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins do all amino acids have similar structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do all amino acids have a charged R-group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are all amino acids joined by disulfide bridges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a protein is denatured |
|
Definition
| Its biological activity is lost |
|
|
Term
Which of the following aspects of protein structure is/are most easily disrupted when a protein is heated in neutral solution?
A. Peptide linkages
B. Disulfide bridges
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. All of A, B, and C
E. None of A, B, and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following treatments will break disulfide bridges in proteins?
A. Heating at 100 at pH 7
B. Heating at 100 in 6M HCl
C. Incubation with the pancreatic protease, trypsin
D. All of A, B, and C
E. None of A, B, and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When protein is heated at 100C in neutral solution, the effects is/are
A. Breakage of peptide linkages
B. Loss of nutritional value
C. Loss of biological function (for example, catalysis)
D. All of A, B, and C
E. Only two of A, B, and C |
|
Definition
| Loss of biological function (for example, catalysis) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin A) is/are correct?
A. The hemoglobin molecule consists of four identical subunits
B. When a hemoglobin molecule binds one molecule of oxygen, its affinity for binding more oxygen is decreased
C. The iron of hemoglobin remains in the Fe2+ state in the course of its normal functioning
D. All of A, B and C are correct
E. Only two of A, B and C are correct |
|
Definition
| The iron of hemoglobin remains in the Fe2+ state in the course of its normal functioning |
|
|
Term
The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is described as cooperative. This means that
A. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen becomes greater as the pH is lowered
B. The shape of the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin is sigmoid
C. In the presence of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased
D. Hemoglobin becomes a weaker acid when it is oxygenated
E. Hemoglobin is an effective buffer, participating in the control of the pH of body fluids |
|
Definition
| The shape of the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin is sigmoid |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is/are correct?
A. Oxygenated hemoglobin is a stronger acid than deoxygenated hemoglobin
B. As pH is lowered, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen becomes less
C. Each molecule of hemoglobin can combine with four molecules of oxygen
D. All of A, B and C are correct
E. Only two of A, B and C are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the right shift in the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve signify? |
|
Definition
| Improved oxygen delivery to tissues |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin A1C is the product of the non-catalyzed reaction of hemoglobin with glucose. Under what circumstances will the proportion of hemoglobin A1C be higher than normal? |
|
Definition
| In a diabetic patient with poor control of blood glucose |
|
|
Term
Hepatitis B vaccine
A. Can prevent a person from contracting hepatitis B, but not hepatitis A
B. Consists of immunoglobulin G (IgG)
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatitis B vaccine
A. Can prevent a person from contracting hepatitis B, but not hepatitis A
B. Consists of immunoglobulin G (IgG)
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B |
|
Definition
| Can prevent a person from contracting hepatitis B, but not hepatitis A |
|
|
Term
Which of the following information transfer processes has never been observed?
A. DNA → RNA
B. RNA → DNA
C. RNA → RNA
D. Protein → RNA
E. All of the above processes have been shown to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what way(s) do/does a monoclonal antibody differ from a polyclonal antibody?
A. A monoclonal antibody consists of gamma globulin only; a polyclonal antibody consists of several different kinds of globulins
B. A monoclonal antibody is produced in response to the injection of a single antigen; a polyclonal antibody is produced when several antigens are injected
C. A monoclonal antibody interacts with a single epitope; a polyclonal antibody interacts with several different epitopes
D. All of A, B and C are correct
E. Only two of A, B and C are correct |
|
Definition
| C. A monoclonal antibody interacts with a single epitope; a polyclonal antibody interacts with several different epitopes |
|
|
Term
Which of the following treatments can break peptide bonds in a protein?
A. Incubating with digestive enzymes
B. Heating at 110o in 6M hydrochloric acid
C. Exposure to a strong reducing agent such as thioglycolate
D. All of A, B and C
E. Only two of A, B and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dietary lack of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) results in impaired synthesis of
A. Collagen
B. Elastin
C. Keratin
D. DNA
E. RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Match the descriptions to the names of the proteins: Collagen |
|
Definition
| Synthesis of this protein is impaired in people with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Match the descriptions to the names of the proteins: Keratin |
|
Definition
| The shape of the molecules of this protein iymines spherical |
|
|
Term
Although all our cells contain the same DNA sequences, the kinds of proteins made differ from one kind of cell to another. These differences result from the fact that
A. All of the DNA is transcribed in every cell, but some of the transcripts are selectively destroyed
B. All of the DNA is transcribed in every cell, but only some of the transcripts are translated
C. Only some of the DNA is transcribed in each cell
D. All of the DNA is transcribed, and all of the transcripts are translated in every cell, but some of the translation products are selectively destroyed
E. All of the factors described in A, B, C and D operate |
|
Definition
| D. All of the DNA is transcribed, and all of the transcripts are translated in every cell, but some of the translation products are selectively destroyed |
|
|
Term
Which of the following substances is/are a constituent of DNA?
A. Thymine
B. Adenine
C. Cytosine
D. All of A, B and C
E. Only two of A, B and C |
|
Definition
|
|
