Term
| In Haworth drawing, if -OH goes down... |
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Definition
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Term
| In Haworth drawing, if -OH goes up... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| proteins with carbohydrates covalently attached |
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Term
| where are glycoproteins found |
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Definition
| outer surface of cell's plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| glycoproteins that are primarily carbohydrate |
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Term
| where are proteoglycans found |
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Definition
| extracellular matrix, connective tissue (cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels) |
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Term
| what are glucosaminoglycans |
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Definition
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Term
| what has a bottle brush look |
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Definition
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Term
| which stereoisomer of monosaccharide is most common in mammals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Term
| what is an L-monosaccharide |
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Definition
| when the -OH on the chiral carbon is th eon the left |
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Term
| what is a D monosaccharide |
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Definition
| when the -OH on the chiral caron is on the right |
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Term
| what is the anomeric carbon of an aldose |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anomeric carbon of a ketone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 main components of starch |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alpha-1,4-linked glucose (linear) |
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Term
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Definition
| alpha-1,4-links plus 1,6-branches |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of GAGs in cartiliage/joints |
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Definition
| negative charge: pulls Na+ in, water follows: joint lubrication |
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Term
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Definition
polyhydroxy aldehyde
ie: H-(C=O)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) |
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Term
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Definition
polyhydroxy ketone
ie: CH3 - (C=O)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) |
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Term
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Definition
triose
H-(C=O)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 types of linkages in glycoproteins |
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Definition
O glycosidic bonds (ser, thr, and hydroxy-lys in collagen)
N glycosidic linkages (Asn, N-terminal of Hb) |
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Term
| what is the side chain in collagen to which a sugar can attach |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the structure of a GAG |
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Definition
| long unbranched chains of disaccharide repeats |
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Term
| which GAG is most abundant |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 key functional groups in GAGs that give them negative charge |
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Definition
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Term
| whats the protein component of a proteoglycan called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are GAGs covalently bound to? |
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Definition
| ASN or SER side chains of core protein thru O/N glycosidic linkages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the proteoglycans bound to in an aggregate |
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Definition
| central strand of hyaluronic acid |
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Term
| describe linkage of proteoglycan aggregates |
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Definition
| noncovalent: Link proteins |
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Term
| which GAG is most highly sulfated |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 main types of amphipathic membrane lipids |
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Definition
glycerophospholipids
sphingolipids
cholesterol |
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Term
| how are sugars attached to membranes oriented? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of proteins that are attached to the membrane |
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Definition
integral proteins
peripheral proteins |
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Term
| what are the 2 essential fatty acids in the human diet |
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Definition
| linoleic acid and linolenic acid |
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Term
| what is the structure for a triacylglycerol |
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Definition
Have a glycerol backbone
3 ester-linked fatty acids (3 fatty acyl chains) |
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Term
| most abundant membrane lipid? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the precursor for all glycerophospholipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a phosphatidate base and what is it made of |
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Definition
| precursor for glycerophospholipid; glycerol backbone and 2 ester-linked fatty acids |
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Term
| describe the structure of a glycerophospholipid |
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Definition
| glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphate head) and 2 ester-linked fatty acids |
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Term
| what do phospholipases do? |
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Definition
| cleave glycerophospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does PLA2 do to membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| precursor of sphingolipid |
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Term
| what is ceramide made from? |
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Definition
| a sphingosine plus an amide linked fatty acid |
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Term
| how can you distinguish a sphingolipid? |
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Definition
amide link fatty acid
trans double bond |
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Term
| where are sphingolipids prevalent? |
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Definition
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Term
| how can you distinguish glycerosphospholipids? |
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Definition
2 ester linked fatty acids
all cis |
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Term
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Definition
sphingomylein
cerebrosides
gangliosides |
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Term
| carbohydrate part of the sphingolipids? |
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Definition
| determine ABO blood groups |
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Term
| structure of sphingosine? |
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Definition
| has a trans double bond coming off of a glycerol backbone |
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Term
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Definition
trans double bond coming off of glycerol backbone
amide-linked fatty acid off of C2 |
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Term
| structure of galactocerebroside? |
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Definition
ceramide+galactose (single sugar)
trans double bond coming off of backbone
amide linked fatty acid
C1 has a single sugar attached |
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Term
| structure of ganglioside? |
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Definition
ceramide+group of sugars
trans double bond comming off of glycerol
amide-linked fatty acid off of C2
C1 has a group of sugars attached |
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Term
| key property of a ganglioside? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| structure of sphingomylein? |
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Definition
ceramide plus phosphocholine head group
trans double bond coming off of C3 (backbone)
amide-linked fatty acid off of C2
phosphocholine head group |
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Term
| what is the most hydrophobic membrANE lipid? |
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Definition
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Term
| structure of cholesterol? |
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Definition
tiny -OH head group
rigid ring structure (no aromatic)
mostly all saturated |
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Term
| what effect does unsat lipids have on lipid bilayer membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
precursor for glycerophospholipid
made of glycerol backbone and 2 ester-linked fatty acids |
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Term
| what is sphingosine (structure too) |
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Definition
precursor for ceramide (which is precursor for sphingolipid)
made of glycerol backbone with a trans-unsaturated fatty acid chain and an amine group |
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Term
| what is ceramide (structure too) |
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Definition
precursor for sphingolipid
made of glycerol backbone, trans unsaturated fatty acid chain, and amide-linked fatty acid chain |
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Term
| general structure of fatty acid |
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Definition
| (COO-)-CH2.....can have double bonds. naturally occurring have cis double bonds |
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Term
| charge on headgroup of fatty acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the precursor for arachidonic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 main roles of fatty acids in body |
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Definition
major fuel for energy
component of lipids |
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Term
| role of triacylglycerol in body |
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Definition
| dietary and stored fuel (adipose tissue) |
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Term
| most abundant type of membrane lipid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what type of lipid forms the determinants of ABO blood types? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ester-linked fatty acid on C2 |
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Term
| which secondary structure is found in integral protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of substances permeable to cell membranes |
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Definition
blood gases (N2, CO2, O2)
fatty acids
steroid hormones
water |
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Term
| General mechanism for signal transduction across a cell's plasma membrane |
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Definition
| First messenger>>>membrane receptor>>>transducer>>>effector enzyme>>>second messenger>>>cytoplasmic and nuclear effectors>>>cellular response |
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Term
| What is a G protein and for what 2 pathways? |
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Definition
peripheral proteins on the inner surface that act as a Transducer
for adenylate cyclase pathway and inositol phosphate pathway |
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Term
| When GDP is bound, the transducer is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| when GTP is bound, the transducer is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when the hormone/receptor complex binds to the G(aby)-GDP complex? |
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Definition
GDP and betga and gamma come off; GTP goes on and the G protein becomes active
The active G protein goes on to interact with the enzyme effector, Adenylate cyclase |
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Term
| What happens when GTPase hydrolyzes the GTP bound to the alpha subunit of the G protein? |
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Definition
| a phosphate comes off and GDP makes G protein inactive |
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Term
| what are the 2 hormones and receptors of the adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway? |
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Definition
glucagon>glucagon receptor
epinephrine>Beta adrenergic receptor |
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Term
| what happens when active GTP-Galpha binds to Adenyl cyclase? |
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Definition
| cAMP is made (from ATP and effector protein adenylate cyclase) |
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Term
| what does pyrophosphatase do? |
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Definition
| Changes PPi (byproduct from making cAMP with ATP) to Pi |
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Term
| what is the conc of pyrophosphate in the cell and why? |
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Definition
| zero because it's always being taken away by pyrophosphatase |
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Term
| why is adenylate cyclase irreversible? |
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Definition
| bc Ppi is always being taken away |
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Term
|
Definition
(small gray triangle)
binds to inhibitory regulatory parts of Protein Kinase A (PKA) and activates it |
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Term
| how does cAMp activate protein kinase A? |
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Definition
| Pulls off the inhibitory parts of the PKA by binding to them so they dissociate from the catalytic part of PKA |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphorylates regulatory enzymes in fuel metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| a nuclear protein involved in gene transcription (can be activated by PKA) |
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Term
| list 4 ways that cAMP can be turned off |
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Definition
1) GTP-ase activity of Galpha (changes GTP to GDP>>>inactive form)
2)Hydrolysis of cAMP by phosphodiesterase>>>AMP (this gets rid of the second messenger)
3)Protein phosphatases (remove P)
4) Lowering the concentration of the first messenger (blood flow) |
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Term
| what does phosphodiesterase do |
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Definition
| cAMP>AMP: hydrolyzes cAMP>removes second messenger |
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Term
| what do caffeine and theophylline do in the cAMP signal? |
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Definition
| they competitively inhibit phosphodiesterase, so that cAMP is always active |
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Term
| what does cholera toxin do? |
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Definition
| chemically modifies Galpha, so GTP-ase doesn't work. This keeps adenylate cyclase active, which keeps cAMP active, which keeps PKA active |
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Term
| what effect does cholera toxin have? |
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Definition
| increases phosphorylation of CFTR (Cl- transporter)>>>removal of Cl- and therefore water |
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Term
| what is the treatment for cholera? |
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Definition
| salt water diluted with glucose |
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Term
| what is the effector enzyme in the adenylate cyclase pathway? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the effector enzyme in the inositol phosphate pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does phospholipase C do in the inositol phosphate pathway? |
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Definition
| removes head group from phospholipid (PIP2>IP3 and DAG) |
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Term
|
Definition
Diacyl glycerol: glycerol with 2 fatty acids minus the head group
a second messenger in the inositol pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
| causes Ca++ to flow out of ER |
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Term
| what is the effect of increasing Ca++ and DAG |
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Definition
| binds to Protein Kinase C (PKC) |
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Term
| what is the stimulatory hormone for the inositol pathway? what is the receptor? |
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Definition
epinephrine
alpha-adrenergic receptor |
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Term
| 5 ways to turn off IP3/DAG signal |
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Definition
1) Galpha GTPase
2) Pumping Ca++ back into ER
3) Converting DAG and IP3 back to membrane PI>>>PIP2
4) Protein phosphatase
5) Lowering of 1st messenger |
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Term
| what is the second messenger of the inositol pathway? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an insulin receptor pathway? |
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Definition
| tyrosine signaling pathway |
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|
Term
| what is insulin receptor composed of? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what does the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor do? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what does the beta subunit of the insulin receptor do? |
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Definition
| each beta subunit phosphorylates alpha TYR-OH each other |
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|
Term
| structure of insulin receptor? |
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Definition
| alpha2beta2 tetramer with the quaternary structure stabilized by disulfide bonds |
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|
Term
| when insulin binds the insulin receptor, what happens |
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Definition
| activates the receptor, beta subunits phosphorylate each other |
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Term
| what do the phosphorylated Tyroseins on the beta subunit of the insulin receptor do? |
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Definition
| phosphorylate other tyrosine proteins |
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|
Term
| 3 mechanisms thru which insulin regulates fuel metabolism |
|
Definition
stimulated protein phosphatases
regulating gene expression
controlling rate of glucose transport into cells |
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|
Term
| first msnger of aden. cyclase path? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| first msgn of inositol path? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| second msnger for aden cyclas path? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 2nd msgner for inositol path |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what turns on the making of cAMP by adenylate cyclase? |
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Definition
| G protein binding to Aden. Cyclase |
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|
Term
| which residue does PKA phosphorylate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what covalently stabilizes insulin receptor's quat structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what residue is phosphorylated on the beta subunit of the insulin receptor? |
|
Definition
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