Term
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Definition
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Term
| What was the role of Lyell in influencing Charles Darwin's ideas? |
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Definition
| proposed that geological processes are continuous and that earth is old; Darwin realized that organisms change too |
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Term
| What was the role of Linneaus in influencing Charles Darwin's ideas? |
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Definition
| binomial nomenclature; organisms that share a Genus name are more closely related that those that do not; Darwin wondered why there are similarities |
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Term
| What was the role of Erasmus Darwin in influencing Charles Darwin's ideas? |
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Definition
| recognized the origin of species through evolution, but did NOT have a mechanism for it |
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Term
| What was the role of Lamarck in influencing Charles Darwin's ideas? |
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Definition
| inheritance of acquired charcteristics; right idea but wrong mechanism |
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Term
| What was the role of Malthus in influencing Charles Darwin's ideas? |
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Definition
| populations grow exponentially, while resources grow arithmetically. Darwin understood that competition grew from this problem |
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Term
| What was the role of Wallace in influencing Charles Darwin's ideas? |
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Definition
| independently came up with the theory of natural selection, so Darwin quickly published. Wallace Line. |
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Term
| What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics? |
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Definition
| traits acquired over an individual's lifetime can be passed down to offspring |
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Term
| What is natural selection? |
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Definition
| non-random elimination; one mechanism bby which evolution occurs over generations within a population |
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Term
| What is sexual selection? |
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Definition
| selection for or against traits that increase or decrease the likelihood of an organism finding and attracting a mate and reproducing |
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Term
| What are the requirements for natural selection to work? (3) |
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Definition
1. There is variation in individuals and their traits
2. Some variations are passed onto offspring
3. There is a struggle for existence |
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Term
| What are some of the mechanisms by which sexual selection works, and what are some of the main morphological and behavioral outcomes? (3) |
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Definition
Mate choice--->choosy females
Intrasexual selection--->competition between SAME sex
-sexual dimorphism and sperm competition
Intersexual selection--->coercion between OPPOSITE sexes
-Female Harrassment and Infanticide |
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Term
| What were some of the main criticisms of Darwin? (3) |
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Definition
-Reverend Paley--natural selection does not make big jumps; design with intent
-Herbert Spencer--misunderstanding of fitness; it is not survival, but reproduction
-Evolution does NOT take place at the level of the individual, but at the level of population |
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Term
| What were some of Darwin's main dilemmas? (6) |
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Definition
-Group selection: for the 'good of the species'
-Optimal vs. Maximal Reproduction (bird and eggs example)
-How are traits passed between generations?
-How to reconcile altruistic bheaviors with fitness maximization?
-How is variation preserved?
-How to reconcile apparent deleterious traits with fitness maximization? |
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Term
| What are the differences between stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection? |
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Definition
Stabilizing: intermediate phenotype selected FOR
Directional: one extreme phenotype selected FOR
Disruptive: Both extremes selected FOR; intermediates selected AGAINST |
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Term
| minute particles from all parts of the body come together to form sperm and egg, and their fusion gives rise to a new individual exhibiting the traits of both of them |
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Definition
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Term
| characteristic traits of parents are inherited by the progeny |
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Definition
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Term
| hereditary material from parents mixes equally to form offspring |
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Definition
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Term
| hereditary material from parents mixes equally |
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Definition
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Term
| hereditary material from parents mixes equally to form offspring |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Mendel contribute to science? Explain his two laws. |
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Definition
Mendel is known as the Father of Modern Genetics
Law of Segregation = alleles remain separate in the offspring
Law of Independent Assortment = traits segregate independently from one another too |
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Term
| genetic coding of a trait |
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Definition
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Term
| an individual who possesses two copies of the same allele |
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Definition
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Term
| an individual who possesses 1 copy each of 2 different alleles |
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Definition
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Term
| physical and behavioral expression of a genotype |
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Definition
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Term
| alternate form of the same gene |
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Definition
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Term
| an allele whose genotype is preferentially expressed in the presence of other allele variants |
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Definition
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Term
| an allele whose genotype is expressed only when two copies of the allele are present |
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Definition
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Term
| long strand of wrapped up DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| pairs of alleles that code for a specific protein (about 23,000 in humans) |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 nucleotides that code for a specific protein |
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Definition
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Term
| a gene that affects more than one phenotypic trait |
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Definition
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Term
| a trait that is affected by two or more genes |
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Definition
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Term
| heritable changes not due to normal genetic processes |
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Definition
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Term
| migration between populations; movement of alleles from one population to the next |
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Definition
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Term
| random changes in the genotype frequencies in a population |
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Definition
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Term
| when a small number of individuals start a new population |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of genetics that is focused on continuous traits |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of genetics that focuses on the changes in gene frequencies and the effects of those changes on adaptation and evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that is due to genetic variance as opposed to environmental variance |
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Definition
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Term
| recognition that even continuous, complicated traits can be determined by genes |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What are some of its assumptions? |
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Definition
A method of determining expected genotype frequencies given allele frequencies in a population
1. Random mating
2. Large population size
3. no mutations
4. no selection |
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Term
| What are the general differences between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA? |
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Definition
mitochondrial = found within the mitochondria with thousands of copies per cell, circular, maternal inheritance, high muation rate
Nuclear = found within the nucleus of a cell, double stranded with strands running in opposite directions, sugar phosphate backbond; hydrogen bonds; bigger than mitochodrial |
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Term
| What are the general differences between mitosis and meiosis? |
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Definition
mitosis=produces 2 diploid somatic cells, identical to parent in one division
meiosis = produces 4 haploid gametes in 2 divisions |
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Term
| What are the general differences between transcription and translation? |
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Definition
transcription = DNA to RNA
translation = RNA to protein |
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Term
| What are the general differences between macroevolution and microevolution? |
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Definition
macro = long term patterns of genetic and phenotypic change over thousands or millions of generations (speciation)
microevolution = changes of allele frequency in a population from one generation to the next |
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Term
| How is variation created and maintained? |
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Definition
Variation is created by sexual reproduction, crossing over, random assortment, and mutations.
It is maintained through a balance between muations, selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. |
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Term
| What does reciprocal altruism require? |
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Definition
| frequent interactions, a memory of events, and a detection of cheaters |
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Term
| reproduction and survival |
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Definition
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Term
| the number of kids you have in one period of time |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| one individual's sacrifice of itself for another, or more precisely, and individual's willingness to lower its own fitness--its personal reproductive potential--thereby raising another's |
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Definition
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Term
| your own reproductive success plus that of your relatives |
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Definition
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Term
| altruism that occurs in the hopes that one day the other organism will return the favor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rb > c ----> benefit needs to outweigh the cost
r = average coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
b= fitness benefits to all individuals affected by behavior
c = fitness costs to the individual performing the behavior |
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Term
| a part of evolutionary ecology which attempts to explain phenotypic evolution; the mathematical description of the frequency and timing of events from conception to birth |
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Definition
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Term
| a trait that, if altered, affects fitness |
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Definition
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Term
| ability to adapt to diffferent environments |
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Definition
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Term
| use of a trait for a novel purpose other than its adaptive purpose; reults from co-expression with trait that was selected upon; for example, a spotted hyena |
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Definition
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Term
| range of variation in the expression of a single genotype in response to variation in the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| the same genotype can produce different phenotypes; such as in identical twins raised separately |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the major life history traits? |
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Definition
| size at birth, growth pattern, age at maturity, size at maturity, number, size, and sex ratio of offspring, age and size specific mortality schedules, length of life, age and size at menarchy, extrinsic mortality, intrinsic mortality, age at first reproduction |
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Term
| What are the major life history trade offs? |
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Definition
-Current and future reproduction
-Quantity vs. Quality of Offspring
-Current reproduction and survival
-Growth and reproduction |
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Term
| there are four general competiting functions (reproduction, maintenance, storage, and growth) there are trade-offs in nature |
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Definition
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Term
| expending all of one's resources and dying in a single reproductive effort |
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Definition
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Term
| repeated reproduction over tie (humans) current vs. future reproduction and survival |
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Definition
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Term
| when you expect to see a trade off and you don't (usually with humans when resources are not limited) |
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Definition
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Term
| genes inherited over time will have effects (constraints) on the range of variation of physiological mechanisms involved in life history trade-offs |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to the influence of an ancestor on a descendent. The basic idea here is, If it ain't broke, don't fix it. |
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Definition
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Term
| live birth of less-developed offspring (cats, mice) they have large litters with rapid pre- and post-natal growth; short gestation |
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Definition
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Term
| live birth of weel-developed offspring; larger neonates, long gestation, small litters, grow slowly |
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Definition
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Term
| high intrinsic rate of incrase (r), exemplified by early maturation, many small offspring, and short life expectancy; live fast, die young |
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Definition
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Term
| long lived with low reproductive rates, late maturation and heavy investment in offspring; slow end of living and development; long time to adapt |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the likelihood of dying influence development and reproduction schedules? |
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Definition
| high mortality will select for earlier breeding because the chances of reaching ful |
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Term
| How does the likelihood of dying influence development and reproduction schedules? |
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Definition
| high mortality will select for earlier breeding because the chances of reaching full maturity will decrease, favoring those which produce many small offspring |
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Term
| What are the major life history traits in primates? |
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Definition
-relatively low birth rates
-relatively long gestation
-relatively slow development and late age at maturity
-relatively long lifespan |
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Term
| What are the hominin life history traits? |
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Definition
-secondary altriciality (parturition of offspring with relatively large brains that continue to develop rapidly while the soma develops slowly)
-high rates of both pre-natal and post-natal brain growth which results in a large adult brain size
-very slow somatic postnatal growth rates
-extended period of juvenile dependency
-adolescent growth spurt
-late age at first reproduction
-high ferility
-post-reproductive lifespan |
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Term
| the science of naming and describing organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| organisms need to continue to adapt, change phenotype in response to the environment |
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Definition
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| independent evolution of similar adaptive traits |
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Definition
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| theory and practice of classifying organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
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Definition
| biological species conecpt |
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Term
| limiations of biological species concepts |
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Definition
1. difficult to identify the reproductive isolating mechanism
2. impossible to apply to fossils
3. asexual speces can't be tested for reproductive isolation
4. how much loss of viability is acceptable |
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Term
| the science of describing evolutionary history of organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| the study of the diversity of organisms and the pattern of relationships among taxa |
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Definition
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Term
| similarity due to the presence of that character in a shared ancestor |
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Definition
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Term
| similarity due to convergent evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| a primitive homologue; one shared by the entire group such as fingernails in primates |
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Definition
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Term
| a derived homologue; one shared by only a small group, such as 2 premolars in Old World mokeys and 3 in New World Monkeys |
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Definition
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Term
| existing species are gradually transformed over time |
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Definition
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Term
| a branching event from a parent species produces a second, distinct species |
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Definition
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Term
| a species range becomes dissected into 2 parts by a physical barrier--prevents gene flow (Artic and Gray Fox, Grand Canyon Squirrels) |
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Definition
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Term
| new species arises from a subpopulation that is not separated from the main population with NO genetic isolation (bear and panda) |
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Definition
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Term
| new species arise from a subpopulation that is not separated from the main population with PARTIAL genetic isolation (some gene flow) between populations occupying a great range of environments |
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Definition
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Term
| steady accumulation of small changes over long periods of time; constant rate of structural change and diversification through time |
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Definition
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Term
| most evolutionary change is concentrated in rapid events of speciation in small, peripherally isolated populations; change occurs rapidly |
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Definition
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Term
| critiques of punctuated equilibria |
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Definition
1) just because morphological change happens rapidly, doesn't mean that genetic changes haven't been taking place for a long time
2) fossil record is literred with difficulties and this may explain the absence of transitional elements |
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Term
| Schools of classification |
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Definition
| Phenetics, Gradism, and Cladistics |
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Term
| numerical taxonomy; constructs relationship based on overall similarity and difference; dividing discrete units into numbers |
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Definition
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Term
| evolutionary taxonomy; classification should reflect overall similarities between organisms as well as phylogeny |
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Definition
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| phylogenetic systematics; emphasizes the branching sequence; provides an evolutionary basis for classifcation, true evolutionary classifaction scheme |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the complete classification of humans? (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) |
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Definition
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Chordata
Class = Mammalia
Order = Primates
Family = Hominidae
Genus = Homo
Species = Sapiens |
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Term
| What are the main characteristics of primates? |
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Definition
nails instead of claws, fine motor skills, grasping extremeties, tactile pads, opposable toes and fingers, optic convergence, enhanced vision reduced olfactoin, post-orbital bars or closure (bony eye socket), enlarged brain
-defining trait = petrosal auditory bulla = automorphy |
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